Facilitating management of service elements usable in providing information technology service offerings

ABSTRACT

A service element is defined and represented by a data structure. It includes one or more components and/or one or more other service elements. A service element providing a complete function is a service offering. Management of service elements and/or service offerings is facilitated by a Service Development Tool. In different aspects, the management includes various tasks associated with creating, modifying and deleting service elements, establishing relationships, error checking and optimization. In a further aspect, service elements are packaged and distributed to enable customers to deliver the service elements. Additionally, the hosting of software packages is facilitated.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENT/APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of co-pending U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 10/121,307, filed Apr. 12, 2002, entitled “FacilitatingManagement of Service Elements Usable in Providing InformationTechnology Service Offerings”, by Greenstein et al, the entirety ofwhich is hereby incorporated herein by reference. This application alsocontains subject matter which I s related to the subject matter of thefollowing patent/applications, each of which is assigned to the sameassignee as this application and filed on the same day as the parentapplication. Each of the below-listed application is also herebyincorporated herein by reference in its entirety:

“Facilitating Hosting of Applications”, by Paul G. Greenstein, U.S.Letters Patent No. 7,058,924, Issued Jun. 6, 2006;

“Packaging and Distributing Service Elements”, by Paul G. Greenstein,U.S. application Ser. No. 10/121,914, filed Apr. 12, 2002, and publishedon Oct. 16, 2003 as U.S. Patent Publication No. US 2003/0195757 A1;

“Facilitating Error Checking of Service Elements”, by Greenstein et al.,U.S. application Ser. No. 10/121,285, filed Apr. 12, 2002, and publishedon Oct. 16, 2003 as U.S. Patent Publication No. US 2003/0194777 A1;

“A Service Development Tool and Capabilities for Facilitating Managementof Service Elements”, by Greenstein et al., U.S. application Ser. No.10/121,290, filed Apr. 12, 2002, and published on Oct. 16, 2003 as U.S.Patent Publication No. US 2003/0195755 A1; and

“Optimizing Management of Service Elements”, by Paul G. Greenstein, U.S.application Ser. No. 10/121,311, filed Apr. 12, 2002, and published onOct. 16, 2003 as U.S. Patent Publication No. US 2003/0195783 A1.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This invention relates, in general, to the ability to provide services,and in particular, to facilitating the management of service elementsusable in providing information technology (IT) service offerings, whichrepresent the services to be provided.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Services are provided in various ways. For example, services areprovided in-house by a service provider or by a company itself, or areoutsourced to a requesting customer. With the latter, a customer, suchas a company, requests that a particular service be provided to thecompany. For instance, the company may request consulting services. Withsuch a request, the company specifies the number of desired hours oflabor and/or other requirements.

In order to purchase the number of hours of labor and/or otherrequirements, one or more service elements representing the requirementsare created by the service provider and purchased by the company. Thisdefines for the company what is being provided and at what cost.

Although service elements are used today in the providing of services,there still exists a need for a capability to enhance the definition ofservice elements. Further, there exists a need for a capability thatenables service elements to be represented in a manner that facilitatesmanagement of the service elements. A further need exists for acapability that facilitates management of service elements.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The shortcomings of the prior art are overcome and additional advantagesare provided through the provision of a method of facilitatingmanagement of service elements. The method includes, for instance,selecting a service element to be defined, the service element usable inproviding services to at least one of an in-house customer and anoutsourcing customer; and defining the service element using a datastructure, the data structure including a relational structured set ofinformation associated with the service element.

In a further aspect of the present invention, a method of facilitatingmanagement of service elements is provided. The method includes, forinstance, obtaining a service element; and establishing at least onerelationship between the service element at least one other serviceelement.

In yet a further aspect of the present invention, a method offacilitating management of service elements is provided. The methodincludes, for instance, obtaining a service element; and includingwithin the service element one or more other service elements.

In yet a further aspect of the present invention, a method offacilitating construction of service elements is provided. The methodincludes, for instance, selecting one or more templates to be used inconstructing a service element; and using the one or more templates inconstructing the service element.

In still a further aspect of the present invention, a method of definingservice elements is provided. The method includes, for instance,identifying a service element to be defined; and defining the serviceelement as a discrete package of at least one of one or more units oftime and one or more materials usable in the field of informationtechnology, the information technology including providing in-houseservices.

In another aspect of the present invention, a memory for storing data tobe accessed by a service development tool is provided. The memoryincludes a data structure stored therein, and the data structureincludes, for instance, a composition section comprising a content ofthe service element; a cost case section comprising a cost case of theservice element; a dependency section comprising one or moredependencies of the service element; an integration property sectioncomprising one or more integration properties of the service element; acustomization section comprising one or more customizationspecifications of the service element; a design section comprising oneor more design characteristics of the service element; a developmentplan section comprising a development plan of the service element; and adeployment plan section comprising a deployment plan of the serviceelement.

System and computer program products corresponding to theabove-summarized methods are also described herein.

Advantageously, a capability is provided for enhancing the definition ofa service element, and for providing a data structure that includes acomprehensive set of information usable in managing service elements.Further, in accordance with an aspect of the present invention, one ormore capabilities are provided for facilitating the managing of serviceelements. In one embodiment, various aspects of managing the serviceelements are facilitated, and in some aspects, automatically provided bya tool.

Additional features and advantages are realized through the techniquesof the present invention. Other embodiments and aspects of the inventionare described in detail herein and are considered a part of the claimedinvention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The subject matter which is regarded as the invention is particularlypointed out and distinctly claimed in the claims at the conclusion ofthe specification. The foregoing and other objects, features, andadvantages of the invention are apparent from the following detaileddescription taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings inwhich:

FIG. 1 depicts one example of an overview of a Service Development Toolused in accordance with an aspect of the present invention;

FIGS. 2 a-2 g depict one example of a data structure used to represent aservice element, in accordance with an aspect of the present invention;

FIGS. 3 a-3 c depict one embodiment of the logic associated withcreating a service element, in accordance with an aspect of the presentinvention;

FIGS. 4 a-4 b depict one embodiment of the logic associated withcompleting development of a created service element, in accordance withan aspect of the present invention;

FIGS. 5 a-5 b depict one embodiment of the logic associated with anoverview of verifying dependencies of a service element, in accordancewith an aspect of the present invention;

FIGS. 6 a-6 cdepict one embodiment of the logic associated withverifying the dependencies of an entry of a service element, inaccordance with an aspect of the present invention;

FIGS. 7 a-7 bdepict one embodiment of the logic associated withdetermining integration between multiple service elements, in accordancewith an aspect of the present invention;

FIGS. 8 a-8 cdepict one embodiment of the logic associated with deletinga service element, in accordance with an aspect of the presentinvention;

FIG. 9 depicts one embodiment of the logic associated with creating anew version of a service element, in accordance with an aspect of thepresent invention;

FIG. 10 depicts one example of a cross-reference between multipleservice elements, in accordance with an aspect of the present invention;

FIG. 11 depicts one embodiment of the logic associated with creating across-reference, in accordance with an aspect of the present invention;

FIG. 12 depicts one embodiment of the logic associated with modifying aservice element by adding a composition item to the service element, inaccordance with an aspect of the present invention;

FIG. 13 depicts one embodiment of the logic associated with modifying aservice element by deleting a composition item of the service element,in accordance with an aspect of the present invention;

FIG. 14 depicts one embodiment of the logic associated with modifying aservice element by updating a quantity of a composition item of theservice element, in accordance with an aspect of the present invention;

FIG. 15 depicts one embodiment of the logic associated with establishingan integration relationship between multiple service elements, inaccordance with an aspect of the present invention;

FIG. 16 depicts one embodiment of the logic associated with dissolvingintegration between multiple service elements, in accordance with anaspect of the present invention;

FIG. 17 depicts one embodiment of the logic associated with updating adesign of a service element as a result of adding a composition item tothe service element, in accordance with an aspect of the presentinvention;

FIG. 18 depicts one embodiment of the logic associated with modifying adesign of a service element due to deleting a composition item from theservice element, in accordance with an aspect of the present invention;

FIGS. 19 a-19 c depict one embodiment of the logic associated withmodifying a design of a service element due to updating a quantity of acomposition item of the service element, in accordance with an aspect ofthe present invention;

FIG. 20 depicts one embodiment of the logic associated with deletingtasks of a development plan, in accordance with an aspect of the presentinvention;

FIG. 21 depicts one embodiment of the logic associated with adding to adeployment plan for a service element, in accordance with an aspect ofthe present invention;

FIG. 22 depicts one embodiment of the logic associated with deleting adeployment plan task due to deleting a service element item, inaccordance with an aspect of the present invention;

FIG. 23 depicts one embodiment of the logic associated with deletingdeployment plan tasks due to dissolution of an integration relationship,in accordance with an aspect of the present invention;

FIG. 24 depicts one example of an overview of a design builder of theService Development Tool of FIG. 1, in accordance with an aspect of thepresent invention;

FIGS. 25 a-25 c depict one embodiment of the logic associated withadding to a stencil used in managing a service element, in accordancewith an aspect of the present invention;

FIG. 26 depicts one embodiment of the logic associated with establishingan integration relationship, in accordance with an aspect of the presentinvention;

FIG. 27 depicts one embodiment of the logic associated with building avisual design item, in accordance with an aspect of the presentinvention;

FIG. 28 depicts one embodiment of the logic associated with determininga visual representation, in accordance with an aspect of the presentinvention;

FIG. 29 depicts one embodiment of the logic associated with editing avisual design of a service element, in accordance with an aspect of thepresent invention;

FIG. 30 depicts one example of an overview of a cost case builder of theService Development Tool of FIG. 1, in accordance with an aspect of thepresent invention;

FIG. 31 depicts one embodiment of the logic associated with building acost case, in accordance with an aspect of the present invention.

FIGS. 32 a-32 b depict one embodiment of the logic associated withbuilding a cost case item of a cost case, in accordance with an aspectof the present invention;

FIG. 33 depicts one embodiment of the logic associated with adding costcase items to a cost case, in accordance with an aspect of the presentinvention;

FIG. 34 depicts one embodiment of the logic associated with editing acost case, in accordance with an aspect of the present invention;

FIG. 35 depicts one embodiment of the logic associated with editing acost case item, in accordance with an aspect of the present invention;

FIGS. 36 a-36 b depict one embodiment of the logic associated withbuilding a development plan, in accordance with an aspect of the presentinvention;

FIG. 37 depicts one embodiment of the logic associated with determiningwhether design tasks of instantiating placeholders are to be built, inaccordance with an aspect of the present invention;

FIG. 38 depicts one embodiment of the logic associated with buildingplaceholder instantiation design tasks, in accordance with an aspect ofthe present invention;

FIGS. 39 a-39 b depict one embodiment of the logic associated withdetermining when to build development tasks, in accordance with anaspect of the present invention;

FIGS. 40 a-40 d depict one embodiment of the logic associated with anoverview of building development tasks for an item, in accordance withan aspect of the present invention;

FIGS. 41 a-41 b depict one embodiment of the logic associated withbuilding a development task, in accordance with an aspect of the presentinvention;

FIGS. 42 a-42 b depict one embodiment of the logic associated withbuilding integration and customization test tasks, in accordance with anaspect of the present invention;

FIG. 43 depicts one embodiment of the logic associated with setting plantask status, in accordance with an aspect of the present invention;

FIG. 44 depicts one embodiment of the logic associated with an overviewof consolidating multiple plans, in accordance with an aspect of thepresent invention;

FIGS. 45 a-45 c depict one embodiment of the logic associated withconsolidating two service element plans, in accordance with an aspect ofthe present invention;

FIGS. 46 a-46 c depict one embodiment of the logic associated withdeleting plan tasks, in accordance with an aspect of the presentinvention;

FIGS. 47 a-47 c depict one embodiment of the logic associated withbuilding a deployment plan, in accordance with an aspect of the presentinvention;

FIG. 48 depicts one embodiment of the logic associated with an overviewof building provisioning and installation tasks, in accordance with anaspect of the present invention;

FIG. 49 depicts one embodiment of the logic associated with building aprovisioning task, in accordance with an aspect of the presentinvention;

FIGS. 50 a-50 b depict one embodiment of the logic associated withbuilding a component installation task, in accordance with an aspect ofthe present invention;

FIG. 51 depicts one embodiment of the logic associated with an overviewof building customization or integration tasks, in accordance with anaspect of the present invention;

FIG. 52 depicts one embodiment of the logic associated with building acustomization task, in accordance with an aspect of the presentinvention;

FIG. 53 depicts one embodiment of the logic associated with building anintegration task, in accordance with an aspect of the present invention;

FIG. 54 depicts one embodiment of the logic associated with building acheckout task, in accordance with an aspect of the present invention;

FIG. 55 depicts one example of an overview of lifecycle support, inaccordance with an aspect of the present invention;

FIG. 56 depicts one embodiment of the logic associated with a lifecyclecomponent change, in accordance with an aspect of the present invention;

FIGS. 57 a-57 b depict one embodiment of the logic associated withupdating a service element for a component change, in accordance with anaspect of the present invention;

FIG. 58 depicts one embodiment of the logic associated with thelifecycle service element change, in accordance with an aspect of thepresent invention;

FIG. 59 depicts one embodiment of the logic associated with updating aservice element for a service element change, in accordance with anaspect of the present invention;

FIG. 60 depicts one embodiment of an overview of error checking, inaccordance with an aspect of the present invention;

FIGS. 61 a-61 b depict one embodiment of the logic associated withperforming standardization verification, in accordance with an aspect ofthe present invention;

FIG. 62 depicts one embodiment of the logic associated with performingbusiness rules verification, in accordance with an aspect of the presentinvention;

FIG. 63 depicts one embodiment of the logic associated with packagingand distributing service elements, in accordance with an aspect of thepresent invention;

FIG. 64 depicts one embodiment of an overview of a development process,in accordance with an aspect of the present invention; and

FIGS. 65 a-65 b depict one embodiment of the flow associated with adevelopment process, in accordance with an aspect of the presentinvention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with one or more aspects of the present invention, one ormore capabilities are provided for facilitating the management ofservice elements. In one embodiment, aspects of the management arefacilitated by a tool, referred to herein as a Service Development Tool(SDT). The Service Development Tool enables certain management aspectsto be automated.

Prior to describing various aspects of the present invention, a numberof terms are described, including, for instance, the following:

Direct business function: A function performed by software in directsupport of a business process—e.g., procurement, billing, groupcommunications, broadcasting of business information to users, etc.

Indirect business function: A function performed in support of directbusiness function(s)—e.g., network protection (firewall),backup/restore, disaster recovery, dump, networking, operating system,software messaging, etc.

Application: A software package running on top of hardware, operatingsystem, network, and middleware, embodying or providing one or moredirect business function(s).

Infrastructure: A collection of indirect business functions supportingdirect business functions.

Asset: A software and/or service package intended for direct or indirectuse by customers.

Custom asset: An asset usable by a single customer or a small group ofcustomers.

Generic asset: An asset usable by all or a large number of customers(often with customization applied for each customer or a group ofcustomers).

Development: A process of creating an asset.

Customization: A process of adjusting a generic asset for needs of aparticular customer or a small group of customers.

Component: A service (time, e.g., labor) or material (e.g., hardware,software, connectivity, etc.) that could be used to construct otherentities, but for which a customer is typically not billed separately.

Service element (SE): A discrete entity for which a customer may bebilled and/or which represents an in-house or outsourced service. Aservice element includes one or more components and/or one or more otherservice elements. A service element may be an intermediate buildingblock to a service offering or may be the service offering, itself.

A service element is classified based on a number of parameters. Oneexample of various parameters used for classification are included inthe following table Parameter Classification Description ReusabilityStandard Usable for multiple customers without modification (savecustomization) Custom Specific to a single customer Complexity PrimitiveBuilt from components; does not contain other SEs Composite Includesother SEs; may directly include components Bundle Includes other SEs;does not directly include components Sharing Dedicated Designed to beused by a single customer in a single instance Shareable Designed to beused by one or more customers in a single instance FunctionalityFacility Network Server Storage & backup Security Monitoring PerformanceSupport Professional Application Geography Global Designed for use inmultiple geographies Regional Designed for use in a single geography orregion Functional Offering Complete function, not requiring completenessadditional SEs to operate; associated with a business model CapabilityPartial function; usually a building block for offerings or customimplementations Feature Additional optional function- ality to enhancean offering or a capability Customization Standard No customizationpermitted Parametric Limited degree of customization is permitted, basedon a finite combination of parameters associated with SE; noprogrammable customization is permitted Programmable Subsumesparametric; programmable customization is permitted

A service element has one or more properties. Various properties of aservice element include, for instance: Property Description Name SE name(unique across SEs) Description Description of the SE function VersionSE version identifier Creation date Date of creation of the firstversion of the SE Modification date Date of last modification of the SEWithdrawal date Date of SE deletion (if deleted) Change history A listof versions and specification of changes made to a SE SE under Indicateswhether SE is under development development flag Technical owner Nameand contact information for the technical person (development)responsible for the SE lifecycle Business owner Name and contactinformation for the manager responsible for the SE Functional List ofother SEs required for this SE to prerequisites function CompositionList of service elements and/or components included in this SE,including quantity specification for each Features List of feature SEsthat can be optionally added to this SE Upgrade List of SEs that mayprovide similar function in the case of withdrawal of this SEIntegration List of SEs that are designed to and may be optionallyintegrated with this SE Pricing Pricing & rules (e.g., volume discounts,units and prices for shared elements, etc.) Cost matrix Combined cost ofSE time and materials Development Functional specification, design, testplan, and documentation any other pertinent technical documents Legaldocumentation Contracts, license agreements, and any other pertinentlegal documents Deployment plan Specification of SE deployment DeliverySpecification of delivery procedures associated documentation with thisSE Augmentation Indicates whether augmentation of a design permittedflag template is permitted Integration Properties Compatible List of SEsthis SE is compatible with Standard List of SEs this SE integrates withby parametric integration Manual (default) List of SEs this SEintegrates with by programmable integration Prohibited List of SEs withwhich the SE is mutually exclusive

A service element may be bundled with one or more other serviceelements. In one example, SE bundling may be accomplished in any of thefollowing ways (including their combinations):

-   -   1. New SE includes other SEs;    -   2. New SE pre- or co-reqs other SEs and requires no special        integration with them (i.e., they are designed to work        together); and    -   3. New SE pre- or co-reqs other SEs and integration is required        to make them work together.

Service offering (or offering): A service element providing a completefunction. In one example, the service offering is associated with abusiness model and the billing, bill presentment, and collectionmechanisms, supporting the associated business model. A service elementthat is a service offering may include other service elements, but doesnot require other service elements that are not included in the serviceelement.

Hosted service offering: A service offering based on a company's, suchas International Business Machines Corporation, or a customer'sinfrastructure, operated under the company's control.

Application hosted service offering: A hosted offering including atleast one application. In one embodiment, application hosted serviceofferings are classified based on the following parameters: type ofclient; horizontal topology—position of boundaries between the companyinfrastructure and customer infrastructure; vertical topology—one to oneor one to many relative to the number of application instances versuscustomers, or discrete versus shared; and business model.

Hosted service offerings and application hosted service offerings aredescribed in more detail further below.

In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, the management ofservice elements, as well as the management of service offerings, arefacilitated by a tool, referred to as a Service Development Tool (SDT).Aspects of this tool are described below.

Service Development Tool Overview

The Service Development Tool minimizes the efforts required to design,implement, and document solutions. While it is ultimately targeted tothe production of a final solution or product, it further provides anoffering team with staged solutions and documentation. This allows theteam to view incremental stages of a project and to take action withrespect to such stages, such as procuring incremental funding or makechanges, as desired.

One embodiment of a functional overview of a Service Development Tool isdepicted in FIG. 1. Input to a Service Development Tool 100 are, forinstance, logical collections of data, such as:

-   -   A Service Element (SE) database 102, including one or more        packaged service elements and/or one or more templates; and    -   A component data feed 104, providing component information from        one or more disparate component information sources 106.

Moreover, the Service Development Tool is administered by anadministration subsystem 108, which includes, for instance, a useradministration unit 110 and a database administration unit 112. Theadministration functions include, for example, user administration andaccess control functionality, allowing the administrator to assignaccess roles to system users. The roles include, for example: developer,reviewer, offering manager, project manager, tester, and deliverypersonnel. Depending on the role, different functions can be performedby a user.

The SDT includes a variety of functional units, such as, for instance:

-   -   Service element manager 114, providing the ability to manage        (e.g., construct—create and develop, delete, upgrade, track        dependencies, provide reports, such as cross-references, provide        search functions, release to production, etc.) service elements;    -   Design builder 116, providing the ability to produce graphical        configuration diagrams;

Verification/error checking functionality 118, providing the ability toverify SE consistency/completeness, dependencies or relationships andbusiness case;

-   -   Cost case builder 120, providing the ability to generate service        element cost cases;    -   Plan builder 122, providing the ability to generate project        plans, and to define development budgets; and    -   Lifecycle support 124, providing the ability to track changes to        dependencies, and, if appropriate, propagate changes through        chains of dependencies among disparate SEs. Also, it informs        about a deletion of an SE/component and may recommend creating a        new SE or finding a replacement component, if one of the        containing SE/components becomes unavailable.

The above functions can be used piecemeal or jointly, permittingcreation of parts (e.g., service elements, offering templates) or wholeservice offerings. A set of initial business assumptions 126 is entered,including, for instance, customer profiles, customer volume projections,desired offering model(s), target geographies, etc. (As used herein, acustomer includes an in-house customer and/or an outsourced customer.)Subsequent activities performed by a user include entering/selectinginformation, while interacting with the appropriate aspects of the tool.For example:

-   -   Selection of the appropriate template(s);    -   Creation of the technical design diagram(s), enumerating and        identifying hardware elements and assumptions about them;    -   Selection of standard SEs required to package the offering;    -   Creation of new SEs; and    -   Identification of required standard documents to be produced;        etc.

The above set of activities are performed to construct (e.g., create anddevelop) one or more service elements 128. As one example, theactivities are performed as an iterative process, until a completeoffering with satisfactory operational and cost characteristics overtime is defined, including, for instance:

-   -   Technical design;    -   Cost case(s);    -   Development plan; and    -   Delivery documentation.

Further details regarding the structure and management of serviceelements, as well as the management of service offerings, are describedbelow.

In one aspect of the present invention, a service element is representedby a data structure, such as the data structure depicted in FIGS. 2 a-2g. The data structure includes, for instance, a comprehensive set ofinformation to manage (e.g., construct, delete and/or deploy) a serviceelement.

As one example, a data structure 200 includes, for instance:

-   -   A. A service element header 202 (FIG. 2 a) used to identify and        store various information relating to the service element. For        example, service element header 202 includes one or more tables        that identify characteristics of the service element (e.g.,        properties);    -   B. A reference to zero or more design templates 204 usable in        designing the service element;    -   C. Service element composition 208, which includes the        composition of the service element. In one example, the        composition includes one or more service elements 210 and/or one        or more components 212. As shown, each service element or        component includes a name, a version, and at least one quantity;    -   D. A cost case 214, which includes cost data 218 and an        identifier 216 associated with the cost data. The cost case is        coupled to the composition;    -   E. Zero or more dependencies 220, which identify relationships        of the service element. A dependency may be indicated, for        instance, as a prerequisite 222 or a co-requisite 224, and each        requisite is identified by a name and a version;    -   F. Integration properties 226 (FIG. 2 b), which identify various        integration properties 228 of a service element, including, for        instance, compatible, standard, manual and prohibited. Each        property is identified by a name and a version;    -   G. Customization specification 229, which includes one or more        customization specifications of the service element;    -   H. Design 230 (FIG. 2 c), which identifies various design items        232 of the service element, including, for instance,        customization items, integration items, placeholders, and visual        design elements. In one example, each customization item is        identified by an id and has a SE reference and a specification.        Each integration item is identified by an id and has two SE        references and a specification. An integration item (as well as        a customization item) may refer to a placeholder. Each        placeholder is identified by an id and has a description. The        visual design elements (see FIG. 2 d) are represented as        collection of a set of icons and a set of connectors. Icons are        represented as a collection of data structures, including an id,        reference to the stencil element corresponding to this icon,        modifiers (e.g., color change, etc.), and an icon representation        (size, location, etc.). Connectors are represented as a        collection of data structures, including an id, references to        the first and the second icons a connector connects, and a        representation (e.g., line color). The design also has        additional design documentation (FIG. 2 e).    -   I. Development plan 240 (FIG. 2 e) is a plan associated with the        service element. It includes a number of phases 242, including,        for instance, the design of the service element, development,        integration test and system test. The SE design phase of the        development plan is coupled to the additional design        documentation of the design. Further, it is identified by an id        and includes one or more placeholder references, an identified        owner, a projected time and start date and status. Development        includes (FIG. 2 f) various sub-phases including, for instance,        a unit design, implementation and test for both customization        and integration. Each sub-phase is represented as a collection        of tasks 244, and each task is identified by an id, and includes        a work item reference, an owner, one or more dependencies, a        projected time and start date, skills and resources, and status.        Similarly, the integration test phase includes various        sub-phases including, for instance, design, implementation and        test for both customization and integration. Each sub-phase is        also represented as a collection of tasks 246, and each task is        identified by an id, and includes a work item reference, an        owner, one or more dependencies, a projected time and start        date, skills and resources, and status. The system test phase        (FIG. 2 c) further includes a system test plan and        documentation.    -   J. Deployment plan 250 (FIG. 2 g) includes various phases 252,        including, for instance, provisioning, installation,        customization, integration and checkout, and each phase includes        one or more tasks, each having an id, work item reference,        dependencies and projected time.

Various sections of the data structure may also include otherinformation.

The above-described data structure is used to hold information regardinga service element, and the information within the data structure is usedto further manage the service element, as described herein. In oneembodiment, the logic associated with managing a service element isfacilitated by using the Service Development Tool. Various managementaspects are described below.

One such management aspect is creating the service element, and oneembodiment of the logic associated with creating a service element isdescribed with reference to FIGS. 3 a-3 c. As one example, the logic ofFIGS. 3 a-3 c is implemented within the SE manager of the SDT.

Referring to FIG. 3 a, a user initiates SE creation by employing, forinstance, a SE creation user interface (UI) function to specify a SEname, STEP 300 (FIG. 3 a). The new SE name is read, STEP 302, and the SEdatabase is searched for a SE with the specified name, STEP 304. If a SEwith the specified name is found, INQUIRY 306, the entered name is notunique, and thus, an error is indicated and processing terminates, STEP308. Otherwise, the specified new SE name is unique, and thus, a new SEis created (e.g., allocated in memory), STEP 310. Thereafter, thespecified name is assigned to the new SE, the creation date is filledin, the last modification date, which is set equal to the creation date,is filled in, the withdrawal date and change history are set to null,the SE status is indicated as “under development”, and a SE version isindicated as “initial”, STEP 312.

Subsequently, an initial entry menu for this SE is built and presentedto the user, who can now enter various information, such as technicalowner, business owner, and SE description, STEP 314. This information isthen recorded in the newly created SE, STEP 316 (FIG. 3 b).

Thereafter, a classification menu is built and presented to the user,such that the user can enter the SE classification information, STEP318. The classification information is read and recorded in the newlycreated SE, STEP 320.

Next, a list of available design templates is retrieved from thetemplate table of the SE database, STEP 322, and formatted as aselection menu with an option of selecting “none”, STEP 324. The user ispresented with the template selection menu and can select a template orspecify “none” (no template is desired). The process then receives theuser template specification or “none”, STEP 326 (FIG. 3 c). If the userhas selected a template, INQUIRY 328, the specified template isretrieved from the template table of the SE database, STEP 330, andtemplate design information is copied from the template into the newlycreated SE, STEP 332. Otherwise, an empty SE design is created, STEP334. That is, memory is allocated for the design section of the SE datastructure, and it is initialized to null.

Next, creation of SE cost case, development plan, and deployment plansections of the data structure are initiated, STEPS 336-340. (Creationof these sections is described further below.) The newly created SE isthen stored in the SE database, STEP 342.

Once a service element is created, it can be developed. Service elementdevelopment is performed using a variety of tools, based on the natureof development activities—e.g., SE header is edited using a structurededitor, which, depending on the field, permits free-form text entry orprovides a selection of permitted values to choose from; SE design ismodified using the SE design tool described below, etc. Whenever anactual modification of a SE under development is in progress, the userperforming the modification gains sole access to the target SE, and allother users are prevented from making any changes until the modificationsession completes (by either discarding the changes or by storing achanged SE in the SE database). When the desired modifications to aservice element are completed, the SE may be released to production. Oneembodiment of the logic associated with SE development and the processof releasing a SE to production is described with reference to FIGS. 4a-4 b. In one example, the logic of FIGS. 4 a-4 b is implemented withinthe SE manager.

Referring to FIG. 4 a, initially, the user invokes a SE developmentcompletion panel to request development completion for the specified SE,STEP 400. The process obtains the specified SE name, STEP 402, andattempts to retrieve the specified SE from the SE database, STEP 404. Ifthe specified SE is not found in the SE database, INQUIRY 406,processing terminates with an error, STEP 408. However, should thespecified SE be found in the database, but does not have a “developmentin progress” indicator set, INQUIRY 410, processing terminates with anerror indicating the SE is not in development, STEP 412. Otherwise, anerror check, including dependency verification, is performed to ensurethe specified SE is ready to be released to production, as describedbelow, STEP 414. Further details regarding dependency verification aredescribed below.

If, during the error check, errors are found, INQUIRY 416, processingterminates with an error, STEP 418. Otherwise, a determination is madeas to whether warning messages were issued by the error check process,INQUIRY 420 (FIG. 4 b). If warning messages were generated, a warningmessage review panel is presented to the user, and the user is given anoption to terminate the process or override warning messages, STEP 422.

The user makes the decision and enters it into the process. The processobtains the user decision, STEP 424. If the user's decision is toterminate, then the process complies by terminating, STEP 428. However,if processing is to continue or if warning messages were not generated,then the SE “development in progress” indicator is turned off, STEP 430,and the updated SE is stored in the SE database, STEP 432. Additionally,a lifecycle SE change process is executed to ensure that any changes inthis SE are appropriately reflected in any SEs that depend on this SE,as described below, STEP 434.

As described above, it is desirous to perform dependency verificationduring SE development, especially since different developers are likelyto be responsible for different SEs. Further, during other processing,dependency verification may also be performed. Thus, further detailsassociated with dependency verification are described herein.

For certain fields, it is desirous to verify cross-SE dependencies,either uni-directional or bi-directional. A case of one SE includinganother SE in its composition is an example of a unidirectionaldependency. A case of two SEs co-requiring one another (i.e., the firstSE depends on the second, while the second SE depends on the first) isan example of a bidirectional dependency. The following are exampledependencies:

-   -   1. SE A includes SE B as a part of its composition—this is a        unidirectional dependency;    -   a. SE A includes component B as a part of its composition—this        is a unidirectional dependency on a component;    -   2. SE A and SE B are mutually dependent (i.e., are to be present        together at deployment)—this is a bi-directional dependency.

Although SEs may have dependencies on components, in one embodiment,components may not have dependencies, and thus, dependencies oncomponents are unidirectional.

In addition to uni-directional or bi-directional, dependencies may beclassified as actual (i.e., dependency on an already existing SE) orpending (i.e., dependency on a SE not yet created). Unresolved pendingdependencies would not, in this embodiment, prevent the SE fromcompleting development (in anticipation of future creation of additionalSEs this one is dependent on). However, even though a SE may be fullydeveloped, its deployment (described below) would not proceed until thedependencies are resolved. Thus, SE dependencies are also verified as apart of the deployment process initiation for each SE.

Dependencies are a special case of relationships. In one embodiment, noadditional classification of relationships is provided; instead, allrelationships are dependencies. Thus, as used herein, the terms“dependency” and “relationship” are interchangeable. However, oneskilled in the art will appreciate that more detailed specifications ofSE relationships may be possible, and that additional types ofrelationships besides dependencies may exist. For example, otherclassifications could include inclusion, integration, coexistence, ormutual exclusion.

One embodiment of the logic associated with SE dependency verificationis described with reference to FIGS. 5 a-5 b. As one example, this logicis implemented within verification/error checking 118 of the SDT.

Referring to FIG. 5 a, initially, a SE, for which dependencyverification is to be performed, is input to the process, and extractedtherefrom is its composition, STEP 500. Next, an entry of the SEcomposition is selected, and dependencies for that entry are verified,as described with reference to FIGS. 6 a-6 c, STEP 502. Then, adetermination is made as to whether there are more entries in thecomposition to be processed, INQUIRY 504. If more entries are present,then the next entry is processed, STEP 502. Otherwise, after thecomposition entries are processed, relationships are extracted from theinput SE, STEP 506.

An entry of the relationships is selected, and dependencies of thatentry are verified, as described below with reference to FIGS. 6 a-6 c,STEP 508. Thereafter, a determination is made as to whether there aremore entries in the relationships to be processed, INQUIRY 510. If moreentries are present, then the next entry is processed, STEP 508.Otherwise, processing of the relationships is complete.

Subsequently, dependency reports are generated, STEP 512. These reportsinclude, for instance:

-   -   Valid dependencies on components;    -   Valid dependencies on SEs;    -   Invalid dependencies on components;    -   Invalid unidirectional dependencies on SEs; and    -   Invalid bi-directional dependencies on SEs.

Next, a check of invalid dependencies is made. If no invaliddependencies are present, INQUIRY 514, processing completes, STEP 516.Otherwise, the generated error report(s) are displayed on the errorreport display, STEP 518 (FIG. 5 b).

Thereafter, a determination is made as to whether this is a part ofdeployment processing, INQUIRY 520. If this is a part of deploymentdependency verification, then processing terminates with an errorindicating unresolved dependencies during deployment, STEP 522.Otherwise, if this is not a part of deployment dependency verification,then a further determination is made as to whether this is invoked as apart of a SE development processing, INQUIRY 524. If not, processingterminates with returning a list of valid dependencies, STEP 526. Inparticular, if dependency verification is not invoked as a part ofdeployment or development, then it is invoked for SE deletion. Thus,relevant information is included in the list of valid dependencies.

Returning to INQUIRY 524, if this is a part of development dependencyverification, then the developer is given an option to overrideunresolved dependencies, and optionally to indicate whethernotification(s) to the owner(s) of SE(s) with unresolved dependencies isto be issued. The developer's decisions are obtained, STEP 528, and ifthe developer has requested any notifications to be issued, INQUIRY 530,then notifications are issued, STEP 532. Thereafter, or if notificationsare not desired, then a determination is made as to whether errors areto be overridden, INQUIRY 534. If the developer has chosen to overridethe errors, processing completes, STEP 535. Otherwise, processingcompletes with an error indicating unresolved dependencies duringdevelopment, STEP 536.

Further details regarding dependency verification are described withreference to FIGS. 6 a-6 c. In particular, one embodiment of the logicassociated with determining the dependency of a single relationshipentry of a SE is described with reference to FIGS. 6 a-6 c. In oneexample, this logic is implemented within verification/error checking118.

Referring to FIG. 6 a, initially, a relationship entry is obtained fromthe dependency section of the service element, STEP 600. Then, adetermination is made as to whether the obtained entry is a compositionentry, INQUIRY 602. If this is not a composition entry (i.e., anexplicit relationship), then <direction> string is set to“bi-directional” for later use, STEP 604. However, if this is acomposition entry, then the dependency target is extracted from thecomposition entry, STEP 606.

Next, a determination is made as to whether the extracted target is acomponent, INQUIRY 608. If the dependency target is a component, then anattempt is made to retrieve the target component from the component datafeed, STEP 610. If the component is found in the component data feed,INQUIRY 612, processing terminates and returns “valid dependency oncomponent”, STEP 614. Otherwise, processing terminates, and returns“invalid dependency on component”, STEP 616.

Returning to INQUIRY 608, if the relationship target is not a component(i.e., it is a SE), <direction> string is set to “unidirectional”, STEP618. After setting the direction to uni-directional, STEP 618, orbi-directional, STEP 604, the relationship target is now understood tobe a SE, and an attempt is made to retrieve the target SE from the SEdatabase, STEP 620 (FIG. 6 b). If the attempt to retrieve the target SEis unsuccessful, INQUIRY 622, processing terminates and returns “invalid<direction> dependency on SE”, STEP 624. Otherwise, target SErelationships are verified (i.e., retrieved), STEP 626. This is arecursive process, which invokes the logic of FIGS. 5 a-5 b and FIGS. 6a-6 c. That logic produces a list of relationships, and processingcontinues with extracting relevant entries of target SE relationshipsfrom the list of target SE relationships, STEP 628. Relevancy isdetermined by detecting references to “this SE” (i.e., the SE for whichdependency verification is now being performed). Then, an attempt isperformed to find the reverse of the input relationship entry in thelist of relevant relationships of the target SE, STEP 630. Thedetermination of “the reverse” of the input relationship is dependent onspecific semantic context of the relationship definitions, as is knownin the art. For example, if SE A includes SE B, the reverse relationshipwould be for SE B to indicate usage by SE A; similarly, if SE Aintegrates with SE B, the reverse would be for SE B to integrate with SEA.

If the attempt to find the reverse of the input relationship entry inthe list of relevant relationships of the target SE is successful,INQUIRY 632 (FIG. 6 c), a determination is made as to whether the targetSE status is “under development”, INQUIRY 634. If the target SE is underdevelopment (i.e., its content may change unpredictably), processingterminates and returns “valid pending <direction> dependency on SE”,STEP 636. Otherwise, processing terminates and returns “valid<direction> dependency on SE”, STEP 638.

Returning to INQUIRY 632, if the attempt to find the reverse of theinput relationship entry in the list of relevant relationships of thetarget SE is unsuccessful, then a determination is still made as towhether the target SE is under development, INQUIRY 640. If the targetSE is under development, processing terminates and returns “invalidpending <direction> dependency on SE”, STEP 642. Otherwise, processingterminates and returns “invalid <direction> dependency on SE”, STEP 644.

Verification of Ability of SE to Integrate

Another relationship between SEs is the ability of SEs to integrate.There are various types of integrations, as depicted in the table below:Type Description Compatible Capable of integration without any specialefforts Standard Capable of integration by parametrizing Manual Capableof integration by programming or adding additional integrationcomponents Prohibited Incapable of integration

Further, it will be understood by one skilled in the art that thevariety of different gradations of ability to integrate may be differentor broader in some implementations.

One embodiment of the logic associated with determining whether two SEsintegrate and returning the type of integration relationship betweenthese SEs is described with reference to FIGS. 7 a-7 b. In one example,the logic of FIGS. 7 a-7 bis implemented within SE manager.

Referring to FIG. 7 a, initially, The process considers SE1 anddetermines whether SE1 integrates with SE2 (assigned to variable A),STEP 700. If SE1 does not explicitly mention SE2 in its lists of SEs itintegrates with, INQUIRY 702, A is assigned the default value of“manual”, STEP 704. Thereafter, or if SE1 does explicitly mention SE2,the process considers SE2. For example, a determination is made as towhether SE2 integrates with SE1 (assigned to variable B), STEP 706. IfSE2 does not explicitly mention SE1 in its lists of SEs it integrateswith, INQUIRY 708, then B is assigned the default value of “manual”,STEP 710.

Thereafter, or if SE2 does explicitly mention SE1, a check is made of Aand B, INQUIRY 712. If A and B are identical (i.e., informationcontained in SE1 and SE2 is consistent), then the process completes,returning the value of A, STEP 714. However, if A and B are different,an inconsistency between their values may be indicative of an error orincomplete development. Thus, a determination is made as to whether thisis a part of deployment, INQUIRY 716. If this processing is performed asa part of deployment activities, then the inconsistency is assumed to bea development defect and process terminates with an error, STEP 718.Otherwise, this is part of development processing, and a warning messageis issued, STEP 720 (FIG. 7 b).

Subsequently, a determination is made of the value to be returned. Forinstance, if either A or B is “prohibited”, INQUIRY 722, processingcompletes and returns a value of “prohibited”, STEP 724. Otherwise, ifeither A or B is “manual”, INQUIRY 726, processing completes and returnsa value of “manual”, STEP 728. If neither A or B is prohibited normanual, the process returns a value of “standard”, STEP 730.

Deleting a SE

In addition to creating and developing a service element, includingverifying its dependencies and integration, a service element may bedeleted. One embodiment of the logic associated with deleting a serviceelement, in accordance with an aspect of the present invention, isdescribed with reference to FIGS. 8 a-8 c. In one example, the logic ofFIGS. 8 a-8 cis implemented within SE manager.

Referring to FIG. 8 a, initially, a request for deletion of a SE isprovided by employing, for instance, a user interface of the SE system,STEP 800. When the SE name for deletion is received, an attempt is madeto retrieve the specified SE from the SE database, STEP 802. If the SEwas not retrieved successfully, INQUIRY 804, processing terminates withan error, STEP 806. Otherwise, a check is performed to determine if thetarget SE has ever completed development (i.e., this is not the firstversion and “under development” indicator is not set), INQUIRY 808. Ifdevelopment for this SE was never completed (i.e., no other SE may havean actual dependency on the target SE), the SE is marked “deleted”, STEP810, stored in the SE database, STEP 812, and processing completes (SEhas been deleted), STEP 814.

However, returning to INQUIRY 808, if target SE development wascompleted at least once, the target SE is marked “pending deletion”,STEP 816, and the SE is stored in the SE database, STEP 818. Thisprevents any new relationships to this SE, including dependencies on it,from being created.

Thereafter, a list of one or more relationships of the SE is determined,as described above with reference to FIGS. 6 a-6 c, STEP 820. Then, atarget relationship is selected from the list of relationships, STEP 822(FIG. 8 b). If the target is a SE (rather than a component), INQUIRY824, then the related SE is retrieved from the SE database, STEP 826.Additionally, its technical owner is determined, STEP 828, and anotification is sent to the technical owner to eliminate therelationship with the target SE, STEP 830. Subsequently, or if thetarget is not related to a SE, a determination is made as to whetherthere are more relationships to be processed, INQUIRY 832. If there aremore relationships in the list, the next one is processed.

After processing the relationships, a determination is made as towhether any notifications were sent, INQUIRY 834. If any notificationswere sent as a result of the above processing, processing terminatesindicating that notifications are pending, STEP 836. Processing then isto be restarted at some later time to verify that the notified SEtechnical owner(s) have made the appropriate changes and eliminatedrelationships of their SE(s) to the target SE pending deletion.

However, if no notifications were sent as a result of the aboveprocessing, the next verification of deletion safety for the target SEis performed. For example, a list of the SEs in the SE database, notpending deletion, is built, STEP 838 (FIG. 8 c). Then, a SE name isretrieved from the built list, STEP 840, and the named SE is retrievedfrom the SE database, STEP 842. Relationships of this SE are thendetermined, STEP 844, and each relationship target for this SE isexamined. If any of the targets is equal to the target SE pendingdeletion, INQUIRY 846, then the current SE technical owner isdetermined, STEP 848, and notified to eliminate any relationships withthe target SE pending deletion, STEP 850.

Thereafter, or if the target is not related to a SE, a determination ismade as to whether there are more SEs to be processed, INQUIRY 852. Ifthere are more SEs, the next SE in the list is processed, STEP 840,until the list of SEs is exhausted.

Subsequently, a determination is made as to whether any notificationswere sent, INQUIRY 854. If any notifications were sent as a result ofthe above processing, processing terminates indicating thatnotifications are pending, STEP 856. Processing then is to be restartedat some later time to verify that the notified SE technical owner(s)have made the appropriate changes and eliminated relationships of theirSE(s) to the target SE pending deletion.

However, if no notifications were sent as a result of the aboveprocessing, INQUIRY 854, there are no SEs related to the target SE, andprocessing continues at STEP 810 (FIG. 8 a), where the target SE isactually deleted.

In the embodiment for detecting a SE described herein, an open-endedworkflow is provided. That is, there is enforcement of change of theSE(s) dependent on the SE pending deletion, and no notification isissued to the developer performing the deletion to indicate that alldependencies on the SE being deleted have been eliminated. However, inother embodiments, other types of workflow may be used, withoutdeparting from the spirit of the present invention.

One example in which the deletion processing is employed is as follows:

Developer A wants to delete SE 1. SE 1 is to be phased out in favor ofSE 1 a or SE 1 b. Developer B is responsible for maintenance of SE 2,dependent on SE 1.

Developer A attempts to delete SE 1. This results in determination ofdependency of SE 2 on SE 1, and a notification to Developer B,indicating that SE 1 deletion is pending (replacement being SE 1 a or SE1 b). Developer B can determine which of the replacement SEs (1 a or 1b) better suits the needs of SE 2 and alter SE 2 accordingly. When SE 2alterations are completed, Developer A, upon performing another attemptto delete SE 1, will no longer be deterred by the dependency of SE 1 onSE 2.

Creating New SE Versions

One embodiment of the logic associated with creating a new version of apreviously developed SE is described with reference to FIG. 9. In oneexample, this logic is implemented within SE manager.

Referring to FIG. 9, initially, a developer indicates creation of a newSE version by selecting “create new version” on a user interface of theSE system, and specifying a SE name, STEP 900. An attempt is made toretrieve the specified SE from the SE database into a working version ofthe SE, STEP 902. If the SE is not retrieved successfully, INQUIRY 904,processing terminates indicating an error, STEP 906. However, if the SEis successfully retrieved, then the SE version number is incremented,STEP 908, and a change activity panel is displayed, STEP 910. Thedeveloper specifies a change activity description, which is read in,STEP 912, and appended to a SE change activity history stored in, forinstance, the service element, STEP 914. The modified SE is marked“under development”, STEP 916, and the new version of the SE is storedin the SE database, STEP 918.

After creating the new version, the developer may use SE editingfunctions to perform desired modifications of the new version of the SE.

Further, it is expected that as a part of the SE lifecycle processing,the user will indicate a migration path from the previous version of theSE to the new one.

SE Cross-Reference

As described herein, there may be various relationships among the SEs,including the different versions of SEs. Further, an environment mayinclude different offerings. In order to observe the relationships amongSEs and how they relate to different offerings, a SE cross-referencereport function is employed. One example of a sample cross-referenceincludes (see FIG. 10):

-   -   Two offerings, Offering A and Offering B;    -   Two application services SEs, SE 1 version 1, SE 1 version 2,        and SE2;    -   Two network services SEs, SE 3 and SE 4;    -   One storage and backup services SE, SE 5;    -   Two security services SEs, SE 6 and SE 7;    -   One facility services SE, SE 8.

The cross-reference illustrates two types of relationships between SEs:single-headed arrows represent unidirectional relationships; anddouble-headed arrows represent bi-directional relationships. So,Offering A includes SE 1 version 1 and SE 3; SE 3 in turn includes SE 4and SE 5; SE 4 in turn includes SE 7; SE 7 includes SE 6 and SE 8.Similarly, both versions 1 and 2 of SE 1 are mutually dependent with SE2.

Similarly, Offering B includes SE1 version 2 and SE2; and SE2 has abi-directional relationship with both SE1 Version 1 and SE1 Version 2.

One embodiment of the logic associated with generating a cross-referenceis described with reference to FIG. 11. In one example, the logic ofFIG. 11 is implemented within the SE manager.

Referring to FIG. 11, initially, a user requests generation of a SEcross-reference using a user interface of the SE system, STEP 1100. Alist of SEs is then obtained from the SE database, STEP 1102, and a SEin the list is selected. The SE relationships for the selected SE aredetermined, as described above, and appended to a SE relationshipscollector (e.g., a list in memory), STEP 1104.

Thereafter, a determination is made as to whether there are more SEs tobe processed, INQUIRY 1106. If there are more SEs to be processed, thenext SE is processed, STEP 1104. When all the SEs are processed, across-reference report is generated, STEP 1108, and processing iscomplete, STEP 1110.

Although generation of a full cross-reference is shown (i.e., theinformation included is based on all available SEs), one skilled in theart will appreciate that diverse partial cross-references (based on oneor more possible sets of criteria) may be generated.

Another type of cross-reference that may be of interest is a SEcomponent usage report showing which SE uses which component(s). Theprinciple of generating this report is no different from what isdescribed, with the exception that the component data feed is the sourceof information about components. In addition, depending on the reportusage, it may be advantageous to show two different views: SE use ofcomponents and component use by SE.

SE Reports

A variety of reports may be generated from information stored in the SEand offering databases. Reports can be produced based on SE categories,SE status, SE change history, or any other fields within the SE.

Finding a SE

A SE search function is normally a simple database search by SE name. Ifmultiple versions of a SE exist, and if version has not been specifiedas the search argument, the search returns all versions. The search mayalso be performed for SEs under development (or, on the contrary, theymay be deliberately excluded by the search arguments). With theexception of an explicit override of search arguments, the search doesnot return deleted SEs. In other embodiments, the default search mayreturn only the latest production (not “under development”) version.

Modifying SE Content

Described above are processes for creating, developing, deleting andcreating new versions of service elements. In a further aspect of thepresent invention, the content of a service element may be modified. Inone embodiment, the modification logic can be implemented in one or moreunits of the SDT, including the SE manager, design builder, and/or costcase builder.

In the following sections relating to modifying the SE content, (e.g.,modifying SE composition, establishing or dissolving relationships,updating SE design and SE cost case, and updating SE development anddeployment plans), the word “delete” when applied to an item in a SEdoes not cause a destruction of the item until all references to it areeliminated (similar to Java language references). “Delete” in thiscontext refers to removal of an item from the corresponding datastructure. Thus, the issue of a dangling reference (or pointer) isavoided.

Modifying SE Composition

In one aspect of the present invention, the composition of a SE can bemodified in various ways. One embodiment of the logic associated withmodifying the composition of a SE by adding an item to the SEcomposition is described with reference to FIG. 12. Initially, a SEcomposition item is created (e.g., allocated) from a composition iteminput (i.e., a specification of what is to be added), and assigned adefault quantity of 1, STEP 1200. Then, the SE composition is obtainedfrom the SE, STEP 1202, and an attempt is made to find the newly createdcomposition item in the SE composition, STEP 1204. If the compositionitem is found in the SE composition, INQUIRY 1206, then this is not anaddition of a new SE composition item, but an increase in quantity of apreviously created SE composition item. Thus, the quantity of thelocated SE composition item is incremented by a predefined amount, suchas 1, STEP 1208, and the newly built SE composition item is discarded,STEP 1210. The process then updates the SE cost case, STEP 1212, the SEdesign, STEP 1214, the SE development plan, STEP 1216, and the SEdeployment plan of the SE, STEP 1218, to account for the addition to theSE composition.

Returning to INQUIRY 1206, if the composition item is not found in theSE composition, the newly built SE composition item is added to the SEcomposition, STEP 1222. Then, a determination is made as to whether thenew composition item represents a SE, INQUIRY 1224. If the newcomposition item represents a SE, then this SE is added to the list ofSE dependencies (prerequisite), STEP 1226. Thereafter, or if the new SEcomposition item is not a SE, processing continues with STEP 1212.

Another modification to the SE composition includes deleting acomposition item. One embodiment of the logic associated with deleting aSE composition item is described with reference to FIG. 13. Initially,the SE composition is obtained from the selected SE, STEP 1300. Then,the target SE composition item is attempted to be located in the SEcomposition, STEP 1302. If the target SE composition item is not foundin the SE composition, INQUIRY 1304, processing terminates with anerror, STEP 1306. Otherwise, the process attempts to update the SEdesign (e.g., invokes the design-add item process described herein),STEP 1308. The process of updating the SE design will terminate with anerror if the target SE composition item represents a SE involved in arelationship with another SE as a part of the SE design. Therefore, ifthe SE design update process completes successfully, it is safe toproceed with the rest of the updates. Thus, processing continues withthe other updates, including updating the SE cost case, STEP 1314, theSE development plan, STEP 1316, and the SE deployment plan, STEP 1318.

Subsequently, a determination is made as to whether the specified SEcomposition item is a component, INQUIRY 1320. If the target SEcomposition item does not represent a component, but represents a SE,then this SE is removed from the SE dependencies list (prerequisite),STEP 1322. Thereafter, or if the SE composition item is a component,then the process completes by removing the target SE composition itemfrom the SE composition, STEP 1324.

Another modification to the SE composition includes changing a quantityof the composition. One embodiment of the logic associated with changinga quantity of a SE composition item is described with reference to FIG.14. Initially, a SE composition is obtained from the SE, STEP 1400, andthe target SE composition item is attempted to be located in the SEcomposition, STEP 1402. If the target SE composition item is not foundin the SE composition, INQUIRY 1404, processing terminates with anerror, STEP 1406. Otherwise, the new quantity is examined.

If the new quantity is no different from the current quantity, INQUIRY1408, processing completes, STEP 1410. However, if the new quantity isunequal to the current quantity, then a further determination is made asto whether the new quantity is equal to zero, INQUIRY 1412.

If the new quantity is zero, processing invokes a SE composition itemdeletion process (described above with reference to FIG. 13), STEP 1414.Otherwise, the process attempts to update the SE design, STEP 1416. Theprocess of updating the SE design will terminate with an error, if thetarget SE composition item represents a SE involved in a relationshipwith another SE as a part of the SE design and the new quantity is lowerthan the current quantity. Therefore, if the SE design update processcompletes successfully, it is safe to proceed with the remainingupdates, including updating the SE development plan, STEP 1420, and theSE deployment plan, STEP 1422.

Establishing or Dissolving Integration Relationship Between Two ServiceElements

The verification of integration relationships is described above as anaspect of successfully developing a service element. However, furtherdetails on establishing and dissolving an integration relationship aredescribed below.

One embodiment of the logic associated with establishing an integrationrelationship between two service elements (SE1 and SE2, included in thecomposition of SE) is described with reference to FIG. 15. Initially, aSE composition is obtained, STEP 1500, and an attempt to locate SE1 andSE2 items in the SE composition is performed, STEP 1502. If either orboth of the specified items are not found in the SE composition, INQUIRY1504, processing terminates with an error, STEP 1506. Otherwise,integration properties of SE1 and SE2 are verified, as described abovewith reference to FIGS. 7 a-7 b, STEP 1508.

Subsequently, a determination is made as to whether the integration typeis prohibited, INQUIRY 1510. If SE1 and SE2 integration is prohibited,then processing terminates with an error, STEP 1512. Otherwise, the SEdesign is updated, STEP 1514, followed by updates of the SE developmentplan, STEP 1516, and the SE deployment plan, STEP 1518.

One embodiment of the logic associated with dissolving an integrationrelationship between two SEs (SE1 and SE2, included in the compositionof SE) is described with reference to FIG. 16. Initially, a SEcomposition is obtained, STEP 1600, and an attempt to locate SE1 and SE2items in the SE composition is performed, STEP 1602. If either or bothof the specified items are not found in the SE composition, INQUIRY1604, processing terminates with an error, STEP 1606. Otherwise, the SEdesign is updated, STEP 1608, followed by updates of the SE developmentplan, STEP 1610, and the SE deployment plan, STEP 1612.

Updating SE Design

In accordance with one or more aspects of the present invention, thedesign of a service element can also be modified in various ways. Oneembodiment of the logic associated with updating a SE design, as aresult of adding a SE composition item, is described with reference toFIG. 17. In one example, this logic is implemented in design builder.

Initially, a determination is made as to whether the composition item isa SE, INQUIRY 1700. If the composition item does not represent a SE(i.e., it represents a component), the visual design is updated, asdescribed below, STEP 1702. Otherwise, an attempt is made to retrievethe SE represented by the composition item (SEc) from the SE database,STEP 1704. If the SEc is not found in the SE database, INQUIRY 1706,then processing terminates with an error, STEP 1708. However, if the SEcis found, then the SEc is examined to determine whether it requirescustomization, INQUIRY 1710.

If the SEc requires customization, as classified, then the customizationdesign item is created and linked to the SE composition item referencingthe SEc, STEP 1712. The newly created customization design item is thenadded to the SE design, STEP 1714. The visual design is also updatedbefore processing completes, STEP 1702.

The SE design can also be modified due to deletion of a SE compositionitem. One embodiment of the logic associated with updating the design bydeleting a SE composition item is described with reference to FIG. 18.Initially, a determination is made as to whether the composition item isa SE, INQUIRY 1800. If the composition item does not represent a SE(i.e., it represents a component), the visual design is updated, STEP1802.

Otherwise, the SE design is retrieved, STEP 1804, and a search isperformed in the SE design for any integration SE design items thatrefer to this composition item (i.e., ascertain whether the SErepresented by the target SE composition item is involved in anintegration relationship with another SE as a part of the design), STEP1806. If an integration SE design item is found referring to thiscomposition item, INQUIRY 1808, processing terminates with an error,STEP 1810. Otherwise, a search is performed for any customization SEdesign items that refer to this composition item, STEP 1812. If anycustomization SE design items are found to reference the targetcomposition item, INQUIRY 1814, the design items are deleted from the SEdesign, STEP 1816. Thereafter, or if no customization SE design itemsare found, processing continues with updating the visual design, STEP1802.

In a further embodiment, a SE design is modified due to a change of a SEcomposition quantity. One embodiment of the logic associated withupdating the SE design by changing a SE composition item quantity isdescribed with reference to FIGS. 19 a-19 c. Initially, a determinationis made as to whether the composition item is a SE, INQUIRY 1900 (FIG.19 a). If the composition item does not represent a SE (i.e., itrepresents a component), then the visual design is updated, STEP 1902.

Otherwise, if the new quantity is greater than the current quantity,INQUIRY 1904, the design-add item logic is invoked (see FIG. 17), STEP1906. Thereafter, a check is made as to whether the add process is to berepeated, INQUIRY 1908. For instance, the process repeats the“design—add item” process a number of times equal to the differencebetween the new and the current quantity. Thus, if the process has notbeen repeated the appropriate number of times, processing continues withSTEP 1908. Otherwise, the visual design is updated, prior to completion,STEP 1902.

Returning to INQUIRY 1904, if the new quantity is less than the currentquantity (should they be equal, this process is not invoked, as nodesign change is perceived to be necessary), the SE design is retrieved,STEP 1910. A search is performed through the integration SE design itemsto find those integration items that reference this composition item,STEP 1912. Each found integration SE design item is stored in a list ofintegration SE design items referencing this composition item.

If any integration SE design items have been found, INQUIRY 1914, and ifthe number of integration SE design items in the list exceeds the newquantity, INQUIRY 1916, processing is terminated with an error, STEP1918. Otherwise, the list of integration SE design items referencingthis composition item is presented to the user with a question ofwhether any of the presented SE design items are impacted by thequantity change, STEP 1920 (FIG. 19 b). The user responds YES or NO andthe process obtains the user response, STEP 1922. If the user responseis YES, INQUIRY 1924, processing is terminated with an error, STEP 1918.

Otherwise, or if design items for references to this composition itemwere not found, a search is performed for customization SE design itemsthat reference this composition item, and a list of such customizationSE design items is built, STEP 1926. If any customization SE designitems are found, INQUIRY 1928, the built list of customization SE designitems referencing this composition item is presented to the user with arequest to specify the items to delete as a result of quantityreduction, STEP 1930. The user selects (the number of selectedcustomization SE design items is the difference between the current andthe new quantity) the design items to delete, and the process obtainsthe user selection, STEP 1932 (FIG. 19 c). If the user selected a numberof customization SE design items different from the one required,INQUIRY 1934, the user is re-prompted and processing continues with STEP1930. Otherwise, the specified customization SE design items are deletedfrom the SE design, STEP 1936. In one example, the deletion is performedin a loop that repeats the number of times equal to the differencebetween the current and the new quantity, INQUIRY 1938. Processing thencontinues with updating the visual design, STEP 1902.

The SE design may also be updated as a result of establishing anintegration relationship between two SEs (SE1 and SE2) represented inthe SE composition. For example, the process ascertains the type ofintegration supported by SE1 and SE2 (“prohibited” is at this pointprecluded, since the invoking process has already performed this check),and creates an integration SE design item referencing the compositionitems for SE1 and SE2. The process then adds the newly createdintegration SE design item to the SE design. Subsequently, the visualdesign is updated.

Further, the SE design can be updated as a result of dissolving anintegration relationship between two SEs (SE1 and SE2) represented inthe SE composition. For example, the process finds the appropriateintegration SE design item in the SE design and deletes this design itemfrom the SE design.

Updating SE Cost Case

The SE cost case is modifiable in one or more ways and for variousreasons. For example, when an item is deleted from the SE composition, aSE cost case item is also deleted. For example, the process finds the SEcost case item corresponding to the SE composition item being deletedand deletes that SE cost case item from the SE cost case.

In one embodiment, the process of deleting a SE cost case item isinvoked for embodiments that cache SE cost case items in the SE datastructure. Embodiments that generate cost data dynamically on demand donot need to implement this process.

In a further example, a SE cost case item is created, as a result ofadding an item to the SE composition. Creating a SE cost case item isdescribed further below.

Updating SE Development Plan

The SE development plan is also modifiable in one or more ways and forvarious reasons. For example, the process of deleting SE developmentplan tasks is invoked as a result of deletion of an item from the SEcomposition or as a result of a decrease of an item quantity in the SEcomposition (assuming this item represents a SE; or as a result ofdissolution of an integration relationship between two SEs included inthe SE composition, this integration relationship represented by anintegration SE design item (also being deleted).

One embodiment of the logic associated with deleting SE development plantasks is described with reference to FIG. 20. Initially, the SEdevelopment plan is retrieved from the SE, STEP 2000. Then, a search isperformed through the SE development plan tasks to find all triplets(unit design, unit implementation, test) of tasks associated with thedesign item being deleted, and a list of such task triplets is produced,STEP 2002. A triplet in the list is then selected, and the test task isdeleted, STEP 2004. Additionally, the implementation task and unitdesign task are deleted, STEPS 2006, 2008. Thereafter, a determinationis made as to whether there are more triplets on the list to beprocessed, INQUIRY 2010. If so, processing continues with STEP 2004.Otherwise, processing is complete, STEP 2012.

In a further embodiment, SE development plan tasks are added as a resultof adding an item (including increase in its quantity) to the SEcomposition (assuming this item represents a SE); or as a result ofestablishment of an integration relationship between two SEs included inSE composition, this integration relationship represented by anintegration SE design item. Adding SE development plan tasks isdescribed further below.

Updating SE Deployment Plan

In one embodiment, in response to adding an item to a SE composition, aSE deployment plan is built. One embodiment of the building of SEdeployment plan tasks as a result of adding an item to the SEcomposition is described with reference to FIG. 21. Initially, one ormore provisioning and installation SE deployment plan tasks are builtfor the added SE composition item, STEP 2100. Thereafter, adetermination is made as to whether a customization SE design item wascreated as a result of adding the SE composition item, INQUIRY 2102. Ifthe customization SE design item was created as a result of adding theSE composition item, then customization SE deployment plan tasks arebuilt, STEP 2104. Otherwise, processing is complete, STEP 2106.

In a further embodiment, one or more deployment plan tasks are deleted,in response to deleting an item from the SE composition. One embodimentof the logic associated with deleting one or more SE deployment plantasks as a result of deleting an item from the SE composition isdescribed with reference to FIG. 22. Initially, a SE deployment plan isretrieved from the SE, STEP 2200. Thereafter, a determination is made asto whether the composition item represents a component, INQUIRY 2202. Ifthe composition item represents a component, then an attempt is made tofind an installation task associated with this composition item in theSE deployment plan, STEP 2204. If the installation task is found,INQUIRY 2206, then the associated checkout SE deployment plan task islocated, STEP 2208. The checkout task and the installation taskassociated with this composition item are deleted, STEP 2210.

Thereafter, or if an installation task was not found, an attempt is madeto find a provisioning task associated with this composition item in theSE deployment plan, STEP 2212. If the provisioning task is not found,INQUIRY 2214, then processing is complete. However, if the provisioningtask is found, then the associated checkout task is located in the SEdeployment plan, STEP 2216, and the checkout task and the provisioningtask associated with this composition item are deleted, STEP 2218.

Returning to INQUIRY 2202, if the composition item represents a SE, thenan attempt is made to find a customization task associated with thiscomposition item in the SE deployment plan, STEP 2220. If thecustomization task is found, INQUIRY 2222, then the associated checkoutSE deployment plan task is located, STEP 2224. Thereafter, the checkouttask and the customization task associated with this composition itemare deleted, STEP 2226.

Subsequently, or if a customization task was not found, the processattempts to find a SE reference placeholder task (described herein)associated with provisioning of this composition item, STEP 2228. If theplaceholder was found, INQUIRY 2230, it is deleted from the SEdeployment plan, STEP 2232. Otherwise, processing is complete, STEP2234.

In this embodiment, SE placeholders, although present as visual elementsin a visual design representation, have no effect on the rest of the SEdata structure (i.e., they are seen on the screen, but have nocorresponding composition, design (customization or integration), costcase, or development or deployment plan items). One skilled in the artwill appreciate that other treatment of SE placeholders arepossible—e.g., defining a generic placeholder SE (that integrates withanything in a “manual” fashion and requires customization) and adding itto the SE database would result in a placeholder SE being treated justlike a real SE, with all the associated data structures built as aresult of the placeholder SE involvement.

In addition to the above, deployment plan changes are performed, as aresult of a composition item quantity update. For example, the processfinds the appropriate tasks and updates imbedded quantities forprovisioning, customization, SE placeholder, and the checkout SEdeployment plan tasks.

Further, SE deployment plan tasks are built, as a result ofestablishment of an integration relationship between two SEs representedby composition items in the SE composition. This is described furtherbelow.

SE deployment plan tasks are deleted, as a result of dissolution of anintegration relationship (represented by a design item). One embodimentof the logic associated with deleting one or more SE deployment plantasks is described with reference to FIG. 23.

Initially, a SE deployment plan is retrieved from the SE, STEP 2300.Then, an attempt is made to find an integration task associated with thedesign item in the SE deployment plan, STEP 2302. If the integrationtask is found, INQUIRY 2304, then the associated checkout SE deploymentplan task is located, INQUIRY 2306. Thereafter, the checkout task andthe integration task associated with this composition item are deleted,STEP 2308. If the integration task is not found, processing completes,STEP 2310.

Design Builder

Design builder is a graphical tool in the framework of the ServiceDevelopment Tool. Design builder helps a developer produce a graphicalview of the configuration and associated textual descriptions out ofavailable SEs. Design builder is invoked, for instance, by a userwishing to change a created service element. The builder includes, forinstance, a set of stencils (or palettes), dynamically configurable(i.e., pulling data from the SE databases), based on available SEs; anda drawing screen.

A user performs a design by dragging SEs from the stencils (e.g., of theSE database), and providing associated textual description/comments, andinterconnecting the SE representations via network links. The workresults, including elements, links, description, as well as a diagram,are stored in the technical design database.

In addition to the standard SE labels, selected SEs are assignedadditional characteristics, e.g., shared (one per N customers) versusdedicated (one per customer), that are reflected in the resultingconfiguration and the subsequent generated cost case.

One embodiment of an overview of a design builder is described withreference to FIG. 24. A design builder 2400 (e.g., a program) has accessto SE database 2402, where it stores and retrieves design information. Auser (e.g., a designer) interfaces with design builder 2400 via a designbuilder user interface 2404.

In one example, design builder user interface 2404 includes, a tophorizontal command bar 2406; one or more stencils 2408 (usuallyrepresentative of the SE nomenclature) stored in a stencil table 2410 ofSE database 2402; and a work area 2412, surrounded by horizontal andvertical rulers, 2414, 2416, horizontal and vertical scroll bars 2418,2420, and one or more sheet tabs 2422.

Adding an Item to a Stencil

Design builder permits the addition of items to stencils. The additionof items to stencils can be performed for existing items (i.e., SEs orcomponents) or as placeholders (i.e., an item does not yet exist, but isneeded to complete the design).

One embodiment of the logic associated with adding an item to a stencilis described with reference to FIGS. 25 a-25 c. Initially, the designerinvokes a stencil item addition panel of the design builder userinterface, and indicates the desire to add an item to a specifiedstencil. An attempt is then made to retrieve the stencil from thestencil table of the SE database, STEP 2500. If the stencil is notfound, INQUIRY 2502, processing terminates with an error, STEP 2504. Ifthe stencil is found, the designer is presented with a choice of“placeholder, component, or SE” displayed on an item specificationpanel, STEP 2506. The designer specifies the choice, which is receivedby the program, STEP 2508.

If the item is a placeholder (i.e., it does not relate to an existingcomponent or SE, but rather is intended to depict something to becreated later), INQUIRY 2510, a placeholder item is created, STEP 2512.The designer is presented with a placeholder name specification requeston a name entry panel, STEP 2514, and the designer enters theplaceholder name, which is obtained by the program, STEP 2516, andassigned to the placeholder item, STEP 2518. The placeholder item isthen added to the stencil being modified, STEP 2520, and the modifiedstencil is stored in the stencil table of the SE database, STEP 2522.

Returning to INQUIRY 2510, if the item is not for a placeholder, then adetermination is made as to whether the item is for a component, INQUIRY2524 (FIG. 25 b). If the item is for a component, a component item iscreated, STEP 2526. Then, the list of available components is retrievedfrom the component data feed, STEP 2528.

Thereafter, a component selection panel is built from the list ofavailable components and presented to the designer, STEP 2530. Thedesigner selects a desired component from the presented list, and theselected component name is passed to the program, STEP 2532. Theselected component name is then assigned to the component item, STEP2534, and the component item is added to the stencil being modified,STEP 2536. The modified stencil is stored in the stencil table of the SEdatabase, STEP 2538.

Returning to INQUIRY 2524, if the item is not for a component, the itemis for a SE. Thus, a SE item is created, STEP 2540 (FIG. 25 c). The listof available SEs is retrieved from the SE database, STEP 2542, and a SEselection panel is built from the list of available SEs and presented tothe designer, STEP 2544. The designer selects the desired SE from thepresented list, and the SE name is passed to the program, STEP 2546. Theselected SE name is assigned to the SE item, STEP 2548, and the SE itemis added to the stencil being modified, STEP 2530. The modified stencilis then stored in the stencil table of the SE database, STEP 2552.

In addition to adding items to stencils, design builder allows items tobe deleted. The removal of an item includes removing the item, andstoring the updated stencil in the stencil table of the SE database.

Customization Level Representation

A permitted level of customization is included in a SE visualrepresentation. SEs that support no customization (standard) are notmarked; SEs that support parametric customization are so marked (e.g.,by using a distinct color, texture, etc. for their stencil icons, or byimbedding the letter “p” in a corner of their stencil icons); SEs thatsupport programmable customization are also marked accordingly (e.g., byusing a distinct color, texture, etc., or by imbedding the letter “P” intheir icon).

SE Integration

Connecting two SEs on the screen with a line is equivalent toestablishing an integration relationship between the SEs. As describedabove, there can be various levels of integration between any two SEs.Whenever an integration relationship is established between two SEs in adesign, the level of integration associated with the relationship isnoted and represented on the integration line (e.g., by using a distinctline color or style, or by labeling the line—e.g., no label for“compatible”, “S” for “standard”, “M” for “manual”).

Prior to establishing an integration relationship, the verification ofSE integration properties is performed, and integration is designed,only if permitted by the SE integration properties and at the leveldefined by those properties. In one example, if one of the two SEs is aplaceholder, or if no integration characteristics are specified for thetwo SEs, the default assumption of “manual” is made.

One embodiment of the logic associated with establishing an integrationrelationship is described with reference to FIG. 26. Initially, adesigner connects two objects, SE1 and SE2, on the visual design builderworkspace, and the process obtains SE1 and SE2, STEP 2600. If SE1 or SE2is a placeholder, INQUIRY 2602, then the integration line the designerhas drawn is added to the visual design builder work area, STEP 2604,and the visual design builder work area is redisplayed with a refreshedview now containing the integration line, STEP 2606.

However, if neither SE1 nor SE2 are placeholders, INQUIRY 2602, theprocess establishes an integration relationship between SE1 and SE2, asdescribed above with reference to FIGS. 7 a-7 b, STEP 2608. If theintegration relationship between SE1 and SE2 is not establishedsuccessfully, INQUIRY 2610, the process redisplays the visual designbuilder work area with a refreshed view not containing the integrationline, STEP 2606. Otherwise, the integration line the designer has drawnis added to the visual design builder work area, STEP 2604, and thevisual design builder work area is redisplayed with a refreshed view nowcontaining the integration line, STEP 2606.

Instantiating a Placeholder

Replacing a placeholder with a SE is equivalent to adding the SE to thedesign, and then, if successful, following up by recreating anyintegration relationships in which the placeholder being replaced bythis SE was involved.

If any of these steps fail (i.e., the SE cannot be added to the designor an integration relationship cannot be established), the designer ispresented with the appropriate error message(s) and the replacement ofthe placeholder with the SE does not complete.

Generating Graphical Design from SE

SE development may start from some other aspects of development thanfrom the visual design graphical builder (e.g., cost case edit). In sucha case, it may be advantageous to automatically generate an initialvisual representation of a SE as a starting point for visual designwork. In other cases, a visual design may already be present, and mayneed to be refreshed, if changes to the SE took place.

FIG. 27 depicts one embodiment of the process of building a visualdesign item of a visual design. Initially, the visual design is obtainedfrom the SE, STEP 2700, and an attempt is made to retrieve the visualdesign item for the specified SE composition item, STEP 2702. If thecorresponding visual design item is found, INQUIRY 2704, the processcompletes by returning the visual design item, STEP 2706. Otherwise, avisual design item is created, STEP 2708, its representation isdetermined, as described below, STEP 2710, and the representation isstored in the visual design item, STEP 2712. The process completes byreturning the generated visual design item, STEP 2706.

One embodiment of the logic associated with determining a visualrepresentation for a visual design item is described with reference toFIG. 28. A visual representation is defined by, for instance, stencilshape, its size, and/or location on the design screen. The processattempts to obtain the visual representation of the visual design itemfrom the SE, STEP 2800. If the representation is obtained, INQUIRY 2802,processing completes by returning the visual representation, STEP 2804.Otherwise, the visual representation for this visual design item is tobe created.

If the visual design item is a placeholder, INQUIRY 2806, the defaultstencil element is assigned to the visual design item, STEP 2808.Otherwise, an attempt to find a stencil element for the entityrepresented by this visual design item is performed in the stencil tableof the SE database, STEP 2810. If a stencil element is not found,INQUIRY 2812, a stencil add process is initiated, STEP 2814. Then, thefound or newly created stencil element is assigned to the visual designitem (thus, determining its shape), STEP 2816.

Next, the shape, size and location are determined by a fitting process,which fits the shape in the available space, not occupied by othershapes, and adjusts the shape's size as appropriate to make it possible.The resulting size and location are stored in the representation, STEP2818. The representation is then stored in the visual design item, STEP2820, and returned as the process terminates, STEP 2804.

In one example, a design is rendered by placing the visual design items,except for those marked “hidden”, according to their size visualrepresentations (stencil item shape, location, and size) on the image ofthe visual design graphical builder work area.

Editing Graphical SE Design

One embodiment of the logic associated with editing a SE visual designis described with reference to FIG. 29. Initially, the current visualdesign is rendered onto the work area, STEP 2900. Then, a developer canperform one of the following operations on the graphical design:

-   -   Drag an item from a stencil onto the design screen;    -   Select an item on the design screen and delete it;    -   Select an item on the design screen and update its quantity;    -   Establish a relationship between two items on the design screen        (subject to the described rules);    -   Delete a relationship between two items on the design screen;    -   Select an item on the design screen and drag it to a different        position on the design screen;    -   Select an item on the design screen and resize it; and    -   Terminate edit.

The process senses the action the developer has performed, STEP 2902,and processing continues therefrom.

If the action is a terminate editing session action, INQUIRY 2904, thenthe updated SE is stored in the SE database, STEP 2906, prior to processcompletion, STEP 2908. However, if the action is not terminate, then adetermination is made as to whether the action is a drag action, INQUIRY2910. If the developer drags an item from a stencil onto the work area,then the action is a drag action. Thus, the process of adding an item toSE composition is performed, as described with reference to FIG. 12,STEP 2912. The screen position of the item drop location is stored andremembered for future use. One exception to this is a placeholderstencil item, for which the screen position and size are remembered(i.e., a design item is created), but no corresponding SE compositionentry is created. When the action specified by the developer isperformed, the process repeats until the developer requests termination,STEP 2900.

If the action is not a drag action, then a further determination is madeas to whether it is a quantity update action, INQUIRY 2914. Should thedeveloper select an item in the work area and update its quantity, theaction is a quantity update action. Thus, a check is made as to thevalue of the new quantity, INQUIRY 2916. If the new quantity is not 0,the SE composition item quantity update process is performed, asdescribed with reference to FIG. 14, STEP 2918. This results in anupdate of the corresponding SE composition item's quantity in the SE.However, if the quantity is updated to 0, then this is equivalent todeleting the selected item from the screen and the SE composition. Thus,if the developer specified the quantity of 0 or the developer deletedthe selected item using an explicit deletion operation (e.g., the DELETEkeyboard key), INQUIRY 2920, the process of deletion of a SE compositionitem is performed, as described with reference to FIG. 13, STEP 2922.Note that deleting an item involved in a relationship with another itemis not permitted. An item may be deleted, in one example, only after therelationships it is involved in are dissolved.

If the developer wants to establish a relationship between two items onthe design screen (by connecting them with a line), INQUIRY 2924, theprocess of establishing an integration relationship between two items isperformed, as described with reference to FIG. 26, STEP 2926. Ifsuccessful, the integration relationship is established between the twoitems.

Similarly, if the developer wants to delete a previously establishedrelationship between two items, INQUIRY 2928, the relationshipdissolution process is invoked, STEP 2930.

If the developer selects an item on the screen and resizes it, INQUIRY2932, the process of resizing an item is invoked, which amounts to thenew item size being stored in the item's visual design representation,STEP 2934.

Otherwise, the remaining action the developer can perform is to change aposition of an item in the work area. Thus, the process of changingposition is invoked, which results in the stored location of the visualitem representation being updated, STEP 2936.

Abstracting Graphical SE Design

A graphical design representation exists for convenience of the SEdevelopers and users. Because it is likely that a sufficiently complexSE (e.g., an offering) will include a large number of entries in itscomposition (and each entry may in turn be a SE, generating a chain ofdependencies), graphical design visual builder includes mechanisms fordesign abstraction, intended for simplification of the visualrepresentation. Three mechanisms are provided, in one embodiment:

-   -   The ability to hide specified design elements;    -   The ability to exclude design elements based on criteria; and    -   The ability to restrict representation levels.

In the first case (hiding specified design elements), the developersimply selects the specified design elements on the screen and assignsthem the “hidden” attribute, which causes these elements to becomeinvisible (i.e., not shown on the visual design display).

In the second case (excluding design elements based on criteria), thedeveloper is presented with a menu, allowing the developer to specifytypes of design elements to assign the “hidden” attribute. The criteriaare related to the types of SEs or components comprising a SE. Forexample, a developer may hide all components. Similarly, a developer mayhide all SEs in the network services category.

In the third case, representation levels to be shown may be specified,based on a SE inclusion chain. For example, SE 1 includes SE 2 and SE 3;SE 2 includes SE 2A and SE 2B; and SE 3 includes SE 3A and SE 3B. Thus,representation level 0 causes SE 1 to be displayed; representation level1 causes SE 1 to be shown as a composition of SE 2 and SE 3, but not thefurther decomposition of SE 2 and SE 3; and representation level 3 showsSE1, SE2, SE3, SE2 a, SE2 b, SE3 a, SE3 b.

Working in Conjunction with Cost Case Builder

In one embodiment, a common use of the visual builder is in conjunction(concurrently) with the cost case builder for the same SE. Changes tothe cost case are reflected in the visual design and changes to thevisual design are reflected in the cost case by virtue of the fact thatany functions that modify SE content ensure that both the design and thecost case (as well as development and deployment plans) are modified,e.g., simultaneously.

Cost Case Builder

A cost case is an enumeration of SE composition items, along with theirquantities, and associated one-time charge costs (OTC) and recurringcosts (RC). A cost case is represented visually, in one example, as aspreadsheet. One example of an overview of a cost case builder isdescribed with reference to FIG. 30. A cost case builder 3000 is a tool,with a spreadsheet-like user interface (UI) 3002, used for creation ofservice elements or offering cost cases. Cost case builder 3000 takesinput from a SE database 3004, as well as manual user input of timelineand volume projections. Data extracted from the SE database and manualinput are translated into a cost case spreadsheet 3006, which ispresented to the user through the UI.

Various differences exist between the cost case builder and aspreadsheet, such as, for instance:

-   -   1. Linkage to databases containing the information (in other        words, the visible spreadsheet interface is constructed of data        brought in from a variety of sources, while cost information in        the SE database originates from one or more cost data feeds for        components); and    -   2. Its bi-directional nature. Changes introduced into the        spreadsheet presentation result in the adjustment of quantities        of the corresponding elements within the solution configuration        database.

Consider an example. A developer designs an offering configuration withtwo dedicated firewalls per customer and a load balancing function. Whena cost case is produced, a developer may consider replacing the twodedicated firewalls by a single dedicated firewall per customer. Thedeveloper adjusts the quantity of the firewall configuration elementdirectly in the presented cost case spreadsheet by replacing “2” with“1” in the right cell; and the cost case builder reflects the change byupdating the corresponding quantity in the associated configurationdatabase. If the developer saves the status of the solution at thispoint, and then, restarts work from the design builder, theconfiguration reflects a single firewall per customer.

Building a Cost Case from a Design

One embodiment of the logic associated with building a SE cost case froma SE design is described with reference to FIG. 31. Initially, thedeveloper produces a SE design, STEP 3100. For example, the developeruses the cost case build panel to initiate generation of the cost case.The process receives a request to generate the SE cost case, STEP 3102,and an attempt is made to retrieve the specified SE from the SEdatabase, STEP 3104. If the specified SE is not found, INQUIRY 3106,processing terminates with an error, STEP 3108. Otherwise, the SEcomposition is retrieved, STEP 3110.

If no composition is present within the SE, INQUIRY 3112, processingterminates with an error, STEP 3114. However, if the composition is notempty, a composition item is selected. For the selected item in the SEcomposition, a corresponding cost case item is built, as describedbelow, and stored in the list of cost case items, STEP 3116. Thereafter,a determination is made as to whether there are more items to beprocessed, INQUIRY 3118. If so, processing continues with STEP 3116.However, when the composition items are processed, the cost case isstored in the SE, STEP 3120, and the SE is updated in the SE database,STEP 3122.

Although the above process shows manual initiation of generation of a SEcost case from a SE design, in another embodiment, automatic real-timegeneration of a cost case from a design being built is employed. In suchan embodiment, the same logic is used, except for the absence of manualinitiation.

One embodiment of the logic associated with building a cost case item isdescribed with reference to FIGS. 32 a-32 b. Initially, a determinationis made as to whether the composition from which the cost case item isto be built is a component, INQUIRY 3200. If the composition item is acomponent, then component information is retrieved from the componentdata feed, STEP 3202. Additionally, component cost data is retrievedfrom the component, STEP 3204, and returned as the resulting cost item,STEP 3206.

Returning to INQUIRY 3200, if the composition item from which the costcase item is to be built is a SE, then an attempt is made to retrievethe SE from the SE database, STEP 3208. If the specified SE is not foundin the SE database, INQUIRY 3210, processing terminates with an error,STEP 3212. Otherwise, the SE composition is retrieved from the SE, STEP3214.

Thereafter, a determination is made as to whether the SE composition isempty, INQUIRY 3216. If no composition is present, processing terminateswith an error, STEP 3218. Otherwise, a cost case item to be built isinitialized to 0's, STEP 3220. For instance, its one time charge (OTC)and recurring cost (RC) values are both set to 0.

Thereafter, a cost case item for the SE composition item is built (thisis a recursive invocation of the process being described), STEP 3222(FIG. 32 b). Further, the resulting cost case item is multiplied by thecorresponding SE composition item quantity, STEP 3224, and the builtcost case item, corresponding to the current SE composition entry, isadded to the cost case item this process is building, STEP 3226. Whenall the SE composition items are processed, the built cost case item isreturned, STEP 3230.

In addition to creating a cost case, cost case items can be added. Oneembodiment of the logic associated with adding a delta cost case item(e.g., additions, changes) to a target cost case item is described withreference to FIG. 33. Initially, the delta cost case item OTC is addedto the target cost case item OTC, STEP 3300. Moreover, the delta costcase item RC units are normalized to the units of the target cost caseitem RC, STEP 3302, and the delta cost case item RC is added to thetarget cost case item RC, STEP 3304. This concludes processing.

In one embodiment, a target cost case item is to be multiplied by amultiplier. Thus, the target cost case item OTC is multiplied by amultiplier, and then the target cost case item RC is multiplied by themultiplier.

Editing a Cost Case

A cost case is represented visually in a spreadsheet format, andsubsequent manual adjustments by the developer are permitted. However,in one embodiment, only addition and deletion of cost case items, orupdate of their quantities are permitted. A developer is not permittedto manually adjust a cost value for any particular item (these valuesare computed).

One embodiment of the logic associated with editing a cost case isdescribed with reference to FIG. 34. The developer initiates the costcase edit process from a menu, and specifies the name of the SE forwhich the cost case edit is being performed. The process obtains the SEname, STEP 3400, and generates a cost case for the specified SE, asdescribed with reference to FIG. 31, STEP 3402. The produced cost caseis then presented on the cost case edit screen, where the developer canperform permitted operations on cost case entries, STEP 3404. If thedeveloper indicates completion, INQUIRY 3406, the updated SE is replacedin the SE database, STEP 3408, and processing completes, STEP 3410.Otherwise, the specified change is performed on the selected cost caseitem, STEP 3412, and the process repeats from rebuilding the cost caseand permitting the developer to perform the next operation, STEP 3402.

One embodiment of the logic associated with editing a cost case item isdescribed with reference to FIG. 35. As input, the process receives thespecification of the cost case item being edited, and if this is anupdate to an existing item, the desired new quantity (0 indicates arequest for deletion). An attempt is made to find the specified item inthe cost case, STEP 3500. If the specified item is not found, INQUIRY3502, this is a new SE composition item to add, so the process of addinga SE composition item is performed, as described with reference to FIG.12, STEP 3504. If, however, the specified item is found, then this is aSE composition item quantity update (see FIG. 14). Thus, a determinationis made as to whether the new quantity is equal to zero, INQUIRY 3506.Should the quantity be non-zero, then the SE composition item quantityis changed, STEP 3510. However, if the new quantity value is zero, thenthis is a deletion of a SE composition item (FIG. 13), and thecorresponding process is performed, STEP 3508.

Exportfrom Cost Case

The cost case builder permits export from a cost case into a set ofspecified file formats. The export amounts to representing the items ofdata, presented on the screen (both simple and computed by the cost casebuilder), as text fields in the comma-separated text file, with optionalsubsequent translation into a particular spreadsheet format, e.g.,Microsoft Excel or Lotus 1-2-3.

Import Into Cost Case

The cost case builder also permits import from a comma-separated textfile into a cost case. Two options are available for import, asexamples:

-   -   A. Complete to cost case—All fields of a cost case are present        in the import file; only cost case item names and their        quantities are imported—the rest of the information (OTC and RC        values) are ignored and recalculated; and    -   B. Partial to cost case—Only fields permitted for user        modification are present in the import file; these fields (names        and quantities of cost case items) are imported—and the rest of        the information (OTC and RC values) are calculated.        Plan Builder

In one embodiment, two plans are associated with each SE—an overallproject plan (including a development plan) and a deployment plan.

The overall project plan includes the full scope of activities, startingfrom the project inception and ending with SE availability fordeployment. It includes the development plan as one of its steps. A planbuilder (e.g., development plan builder) assists with the developmentand offering management in creating and managing development project(s).

Development Plan

A development plan is represented as a series of process phases (e.g.,SE design, development, integration test, system test) (see FIG. 2 e).One of the phases, the development phase is broken down into sub-phases,such as, for instance, unit design (where unit is customization,integration, or instantiation of a placeholder into a real entity),implementation, and test. Each phase is represented as a collection oftasks, and each task includes, for instance, its identifier, task owner,reference to a work item (integration, customization, instantiation of aplaceholder), dependencies (on other tasks within this project plan oron completion of a project plan for another SE, included or co-requisitewith this SE), projected time to complete the task, projected taskexecution start date, required skills and resources, and task executionstatus (not started, in progress, completed).

Building a SE Development Plan

One embodiment of the logic associated with building a SE developmentplan is described with reference to FIGS. 36 a-36 b. Initially, the userspecifies the SE for which the development plan is to be built on thedevelopment plan panel, and the process receives the SE specification,STEP 3600. An attempt is made to retrieve the specified SE from the SEdatabase, STEP 3602. If the specified SE is not found in the SEdatabase, INQUIRY 3604, processing terminates with an error, STEP 3606.Otherwise, the SE design section of the SE development plan is created(see FIG. 2 e), STEP 3608 (FIG. 36 a). If additional designdocumentation (i.e., any documents in addition to the SE designcontained in the SE) is present, INQUIRY 3610, a reference to thatdocumentation is added to the SE design section of the development plan,STEP 3612.

Thereafter, or if additional design documentation is not present, thenthe process of creating placeholder instantiation design tasks isperformed, as described below, STEP 3614. Additionally, the developmentsection of the SE development plan is created, STEP 3616, followed bycreation of a development task table (unit design, implement, testversus customization, integration (see FIG. 2 f)), STEP 3618 (FIG. 36b), and the building of the development tasks, STEP 3620. Theintegration test section of the SE development plan is then created,STEP 3622, followed by creation of integration test tasks, STEP 3624.Then, the system test section of the SE development plan is created,STEP 3626, and the SE is updated in the SE database 3628.

One embodiment of the logic associated with an overview of buildingdesign tasks of instantiating placeholders is described with referenceto FIG. 37. Initially, a determination is made as to whether anyplaceholders are present in the SE design, INQUIRY 3700. If one or moreplaceholders are present in the SE design, then a placeholder isselected, and a placeholder instantiation design task is built for theplaceholder, as described below, STEP 3702. Thereafter, a determinationis made as to whether there are more placeholders, INQUIRY 3704. If so,processing continues with STEP 3702. Otherwise, when all placeholdersare processed, processing completes.

One embodiment of the logic associated with building a placeholderinstantiation design task is described with reference to FIG. 38.Initially, a design task of an instantiating placeholder is created (seeFIG. 2 e), STEP 3800. Then, an identifier is assigned to the designtask, STEP 3802, and a reference to the placeholder is stored in thedesign task, STEP 3804.

Thereafter, the user is prompted for the owner of the design task, STEP3806, and the user responds to the design task owner prompt by enteringthe owner responsible for completion of the design task. The processobtains the entered owner, STEP 3808, and stores the value in the designtask, STEP 3810.

The user is then prompted for the projected time and start date for thistask, STEP 3812. The user responds to the projected time and start dateprompt by entering the requested information, which the process obtains,STEP 3814, and stores in the design task, STEP 3816. Based on the valueof the start date, the projected elapsed time, and the current date, theprocess determines the status of the design task and assigns thedetermined status to the design task, STEP 3818. The built design taskof an instantiating placeholder is then added to the list of designtasks for this SE development plan, STEP 3820.

One embodiment of the logic associated with determining when to builddevelopment tasks is described with reference to FIGS. 39 a-39 b.Initially, a determination is made as to whether any customization itemsare present in the SE design, INQUIRY 3900. If any customization itemsare present, then a customization item is selected, and a furtherdetermination is made as to whether the selected customization item is aduplicate, INQUIRY 3902. This uniqueness check is made, since a designmay include multiple identical items for customization or integration,but during development, all of the identical items would translate intoa single series of development activities. If the selected item is not aduplicate, then a development task is built for the selectedcustomization item, STEP 3904. Subsequently, or if the item is aduplicate, a determination is made as to whether there are morecustomization items to be processed, INQUIRY 3906. If so, processingcontinues with STEP 3902. Otherwise, processing continues, as describedherein.

When all the customization items in the SE design are processed, adetermination is made as to whether there are integration items presentin the SE design, INQUIRY 3908 (FIG. 39 b). If any integration items arepresent, an integration item is selected, and a further determination ismade as to whether the selected item is a duplicate, INQUIRY 3910. Ifthe selected item is not a duplicate, then a development task is builtfor the selected integration item, STEP 3912. Next, or if the item is aduplicate, a check is made to see if there are more items to beprocessed, INQUIRY 3914. If so, processing continues with INQUIRY 3910.Otherwise, processing is complete, STEP 3916.

One embodiment of the logic associated with an overview of buildingdevelopment tasks for a design item (customization or integration) isdescribed with reference to FIGS. 40 a-40 d. In one embodiment, threedevelopment plan tasks are built for each design item: a unit designtask, STEP 4000; a unit implementation task, STEP 4002; and a test task,STEP 4004. This is described in further detail below.

Subsequent to building the tasks, a dependency on the unit design taskis added to the unit implementation task, STEP 4006, and a dependency onthe unit implementation task is added to the test task, STEP 4008.

Thereafter, a check is made of the design item, INQUIRY 4010. If thedesign item is a customization item, then an attempt is made to retrievethe item from the SE database, STEP 4012. If the SE to customize is notfound in the SE database, INQUIRY 4014, processing terminates with anerror, STEP 4016. Otherwise, if the SE to customize has a “developmentin progress” indicator set, INQUIRY 4018, a check is performed for thepresence of a development plan in the SE to customize, INQUIRY 4020(FIG. 40 b).

Should the development plan not be present in the SE to customize,processing completes with a warning message, STEP 4022. Otherwise, adependency on completion of design of the SE to customize is added tothe unit design task, STEP 4024, and a dependency on completion ofdevelopment and test of the SE to customize is added to the unitimplementation task, STEP 4026. Thereafter, or if the “development inprogress” indicator is not set, INQUIRY 4018, processing completes, STEP4028.

Returning to INQUIRY 4010, if the design item is not a customizationitem, then it is an integration item. Thus, a check is made to ascertainwhether both entities to integrate are SEs (assume one SE is SE1 and theother is SE2), INQUIRY 4030. If either of the entities is not a SE, butinstead a placeholder, processing completes and the plan is updated whenthe placeholders are instantiated, STEP 4028. Otherwise, the entitiesare both SEs (SE1 and SE2), and an attempt is made to retrieve SE1 andSE2 from the SE database, STEP 4032.

If either SE1 or SE2 is not found in the SE database, INQUIRY 4034 (FIG.40 c), processing terminates with an error, STEP 4036. Otherwise, if SE1has a “development in progress” indicator set, INQUIRY 4038, a check isperformed for the presence of a development plan in the SE1, INQUIRY4040. If the development plan is not present in SE1, processingcompletes with a warning message, STEP 4042. Otherwise, a dependency oncompletion of design of SE1 is added to the unit design task, STEP 4044,and a dependency on completion of development and test of SE1 is addedto the unit implementation task, STEP 4046.

Thereafter, or if the “development in progress indicator” is not set,INQUIRY 4038, a determination is made as to whether SE2 has a“development in progress” indicator set, INQUIRY 4048. If not,processing is complete, STEP 4028.

However, if the indicator is set for SE2, a check is performed for thepresence of a development plan in SE2, INQUIRY 4050 (FIG. 40 d). If thedevelopment plan is not present in SE2, processing completes with awarning message, STEP 4052. Otherwise, a dependency on completion ofdesign of SE2 is added to the unit design task, STEP 4054, and adependency on completion of development and test of SE2 is added to theunit implementation task, STEP 4056. This concludes processing, STEP4028.

One embodiment of the logic associated with building one of thedevelopment plan tasks of FIGS. 40 a-40 d is described with reference toFIGS. 41 a-41 b. Initially, a development plan task is created, STEP4100. Then, an identifier is assigned to the plan task, STEP 4102, and areference to the design item is stored in the development plan task,STEP 4104.

Subsequently, the user is prompted for the owner of this developmentplan task (with an indication of whether the owner is sought for unitdesign, unit implementation, or test), STEP 4106. The user responds tothe development plan task owner specification prompt by entering theowner responsible for completion of this particular task, and theprocess obtains the entered owner, STEP 4108, and stores the value inthe development plan task, STEP 4110.

The user is then prompted for any known dependencies for thisdevelopment plan task, STEP 4112. The user responds to the knowndependencies prompt by entering any known dependencies for this task,which the process obtains, STEP 4114, and stores in the development plantask, STEP 4116.

The user is then prompted for the projected time and start date for thisdevelopment plan task, STEP 4118. The user responds to the projectedtime and start date prompt by entering the requested information, whichthe process obtains, STEP 4120, and stores in the design task, STEP 4122(FIG. 41 b).

Finally, the user is prompted for skills and resources required toperform this development plan task, STEP 4124. The user responds to therequired skills and resources prompt by entering the requestedinformation, which the process obtains, STEP 4126, and stores in thedevelopment plan task, STEP 4128. Based on the value of the start date,the projected elapsed time, and the current date, the process determinesthe status of this development plan task, and assigns the determinedstatus to the development plan task, STEP 4130. The built developmentplan task is then added to the development plan for this SE, STEP 4132.

In addition to the above, integration and customization test plan tasksare built. In one embodiment, in order to test customization orintegration, the customization or integration activity to test is to beactually performed. Therefore, the customization and integration testplan includes testing tasks, as well as unit design and implementationtasks.

One embodiment of the logic associated with building integration andcustomization test plan tasks is described with reference to FIGS. 42a-42 b. Initially, a determination is made as to whether a customizationspecification is present in the SE, INQUIRY 4200. If the SE includes acustomization specification, a customization test task for this SE iscreated, STEP 4202 (i.e., build development tasks for item with SE tocustomize). Thereafter, or if the customization specification is notpresent in the SE, a further determination is made as to whether the SEincludes integration properties, INQUIRY 4204.

If the SE includes integration properties, then a further determinationis made as to whether the integration properties include any“compatible” entries, INQUIRY 4206. Should the integration propertiesinclude one or more compatible entries, a compatible entry is selected,and a determination is made as to whether the integration property ofthe selected entry corresponds to an integration item in the SE design,INQUIRY 4208. If not (i.e., the integration test tasks would not be aduplicate of a set of development tasks already built for an integrationdesign item), then the process builds integration test tasks for theentry, STEP 4210 (i.e., build development tasks for item with SE1=SE,and SE2=integration property reference).

Next, or if the integration property corresponds to an integrationdesign item, a check is made as to whether more entries exist, INQUIRY4212. If so, processing continues with INQUIRY 4208. Otherwise, or ifthere are no compatible integration properties present in the SE, adetermination is made as to whether there are any standard integrationproperties present in the SE, INQUIRY 4214 (FIG. 42 b). If the SEintegration properties include one or more “standard” entries, and ifthe integration property does not correspond to an integration item inthe SE design, INQUIRY 4216, the process builds integration test tasksfor each entry in the “standard” list of integration properties, STEP4218, (i.e., build development tasks for item with SE1=SE2, andSE2=integration property reference), until the list of “standard”entries is exhausted, INQUIRY 4220. Upon completion of creation ofintegration and customization plan tasks, the built collection of plantasks is added to the integration and customization section of the SEtest plan, STEP 4222.

Returning to INQUIRIES 4204 and 4214, if there are no integrationproperties present in the SE or no standard integration propertiespresent, processing continues with STEP 4222.

The status of a plan task can be determined using a number ofparameters. One embodiment of the logic associated with determining thestatus of a plan task based on the projected start date for the task,the projected task duration, and the current date is described withreference to FIG. 43. Initially, a determination is made as to whetherthe start date is greater than the current date, INQUIRY 4300. If thestart date is later than the current date, the plan task status is“pending”, STEP 4302. However, if the start date is less than or equalto the current date, then a further check is made as to whether the dateobtained by applying the projected task duration is greater than thecurrent date, INQUIRY 4304. If so, the plan task status is “inprogress”, STEP 4306. Otherwise, the plan task status is “completed”,STEP 4308.

Building Consolidated Development Plan for Multiple SEs

In the cases when multiple SEs are being developed contemporaneously, itis possible that multiple dependent or independent development effortswould include identical customization or integration activities(intersects). Should an intersect be detected, a decision is made as towhich one of the two or more development efforts progressingcontemporaneously should retain the task, and which should exclude thetask. This decision is based, for instance, on the projected completiondate for the task. For example, the development effort with the earliestcompletion date retains the task with a reference to other developmentefforts dependent on this task's completion. Further, other developmentefforts include a dependency on completion of the task by thedevelopment effort retaining the task.

One embodiment of the logic associated with consolidating multiple SEdevelopment plans is described with reference to FIG. 44. Initially, theuser enters a request to consolidate SE development plans from a SEdevelopment plan panel, and the process obtains the request for planconsolidation, STEP 4400. Then, the process retrieves the SEs that havea “development in progress” indicator set from the SE database, STEP4402. If the number of SEs retrieved is 0 or 1, INQUIRY 4404, then thereis nothing to consolidate and processing completes, STEP 4406.Otherwise, a nested loop is performed, with SE[i] being takensequentially from the list of all retrieved SEs (1 . . . N), STEPS 4408,4416, and SE[j] being taken sequentially from the same list, but subset(i+1, N), STEPS 4410, 4414. That is, the iteration for j's repeats foreach next i (i.e., all possible SE pairs are processed). Each pair ofSEs (SE[i] and SE[j]) undergo the process of SE development planconsolidation, STEP 4412.

One embodiment of the logic associated with consolidating developmentplans for two SEs (SE1 and SE2) is described with reference to FIGS. 45a-45 c. Initially, the process obtains the list of development plantasks for customization, and if available, the customization tasks fromthe SE1 integration and customization test plan, STEP 4500. Ifcustomization tasks for the SE1 development plan are present (i.e., thelist contains one or more tasks), INQUIRY 4502, the process obtains thelist of development plan tasks for customization, and if available, thecustomization tasks from the SE2 integration and customization testplan, STEP 4504.

If customization tasks for the SE2 development plan are present, INQUIRY4506, a nested loop is performed, with ct1[i] being taken sequentiallyfrom the list of retrieved SE1 plan customization tasks (1 . . . N),STEP 4508, and ct2[j] being taken sequentially from the list ofretrieved SE2 customization tasks (1 . . . N), STEP 4510. The iterationfor the j's repeats for each next i (i.e., all SE1 customization plantasks are matched against all SE2 customization plan tasks)—and for eachpair of ct1[i] and ct2[j], if these customization tasks are duplicate,consolidation of the pair of these customization tasks is performed.

For example, a customization task ct1[i] is obtained from the list ofSE1 customization tasks, STEP 4508. Additionally, a customization taskct2[j] is obtained from the list of SE2 customization tasks, STEP 4510.Thereafter, a determination is made as to whether ct1[i] and ct2[j] areduplicates, INQUIRY 4512. If they are duplicates, then ct1[i] and ct2[j]are consolidated (e.g., discard one and place all linkages to it in theone that remains), STEP 4514. Thereafter, or if they are not duplicates,a determination is made as to whether there are more SE2 customizationtasks, INQUIRY 4516. If so, then processing continues with STEP 4510.Otherwise, a determination is made as to whether there are more SE1customization tasks, INQUIRY 4518 (FIG. 45 b). If so, processingcontinues with STEP 4508. Otherwise, or if there are no SE1customization tasks or SE2 customization tasks, processing continueswith the integration tasks of the SE1 and SE2 plans.

As one example, a similar process is performed for the integration tasksof SE1 and SE2 plans. The process obtains the list of development plantasks for integration, and if available, the integration tasks from theSE1 integration and customization test plan, STEP 4520. If integrationtasks for the SE1 development plan are present (i.e., the list containsone or more tasks), INQUIRY 4522, then the process obtains the list ofdevelopment plan tasks for integration, and if available, theintegration tasks from the SE2 integration and customization test plan,STEP 4524.

If integration tasks for the SE2 development plan are present, INQUIRY4526, a nested loop is performed, with it1[i] being taken sequentiallyfrom the list of all retrieved SE1 plan integration tasks (1 . . . N),STEP 4528 (FIG. 45 c), and it2[j] being taken sequentially from the listof all retrieved SE2 customization tasks (1 . . . N). The iteration forthe j's, STEP 4536, repeating for each next i, STEP 4538, (i.e., all SE1integration plan tasks are matched against all SE2 integration plantasks)—and for each pair of it1[i] and it2[j], if these integrationtasks are duplicate, STEP 4532, consolidation of the pair of theseintegration tasks is performed, STEP 4534.

Thereafter, or if there are no SE1 integration or SE2 integration taskspresent, the process completes by updating SE1 and SE2 in the SEdatabase, STEP 4540.

Handling a Deletion

If a plan task is to be deleted, e.g., as a result of a design change ina SE, dependencies on this task are eliminated first. One embodiment ofthe logic associated with detecting and eliminating these dependenciesis described with reference to FIGS. 46 a-46 c.

In this example, assume plan task (d) is to be deleted from thedevelopment plan of SE. The process starts by retrieving the list of SEplan tasks, STEP 4600, and then excluding from the list plan task d thatis to be deleted, STEP 4602. Then, a plan task is selected from the listof plan tasks of SE except for d, STEP 4604.

If the current plan task has a dependency on d, INQUIRY 4606, processingterminates with an error, STEP 4608, as prior to deleting plan task d,any dependencies on it should have been eliminated (i.e., the user hasnot altered SE design appropriately to make deletion of plan task dpossible). Otherwise, a determination is made as to whether there aremore plan tasks in the list, INQUIRY 4610. If so, the next plan taskfrom the list of plan tasks of SE except for d is considered, STEP 4604.This continues until the plan tasks are processed.

Thereafter, plan task d is deleted from the SE development plan, STEP4612, and the SE is updated in the SE database, STEP 4614.

At this point, any internal (relative to SE) dependencies on plan task dhave been eliminated and plan task d has been removed from the SEdevelopment plan. However, it is possible that other SEs underdevelopment still retain dependencies on plan task d, either direct oras a result of SE development plan consolidation. Thus, the remainder ofthe process handles any remaining external dependencies.

Initially, the process creates a list of the SEs with a “development inprogress” indicator set, by retrieving these SEs from the SE database,STEP 4616. The process then excludes from the built list of SEs the SEfrom which the plan task d was deleted, STEP 4618.

Thereafter, the process iterates through the SEs in the list. Theprocess obtains SE[i] from the list of SEs under development, STEP 4620(FIG. 46 b), and retrieves the list of SE[i] development plan tasks,STEP 4622. The process then iterates (nested within iteration throughSEs under development) through SE development plan tasks for SE[i].

For example, development plan task t[k] is retrieved from the list ofdevelopment plan tasks for SE[i], STEP 4624. If SE development plan taskt[k] is dependent on the previously deleted SE development plan task d,INQUIRY 4626, a message is sent to the SE[i] owner and the SE[i] taskt[k] owner that a change has been performed to the SE that previouslycontained development plan task d, STEP 4628. (It is expected, in oneembodiment, that upon receipt of this message, the SE[i] owner and theSE[i] development plan task t[k] owner will collaborate in changing thedesign of SE[i] appropriately.) Further, the dependency on developmentplan task d is removed from development plan task t[k], STEP 4630.

Returning to INQUIRY 4626, if SE[i] development plan task t[k] is notdependent on deleted SE development plan task d, a check is performed todetermine if SE[i] development plan task t[k] is a consolidation ofdeleted SE development plan task d, INQUIRY 4632. If not, processingcontinues with INQUIRY 4644, described below. However, if it is aconsolidation of deleted task d, then the process rebuilds the SE[i]development plan task t[k] to be a full non-consolidated (i.e.,separated) task with the functional content of the deleted SEdevelopment plan task d, STEP 4634. The process then sends a message tothe SE[i] and development plan task t[k] owners informing them about theSE[i] development plan task t[k] deconsolidation from SE developmentplan task d, STEP 4636. SE[i] development plan task t[k] is thenreplaced in the SE[i] development plan with the newly built developmenttask, which is functionally equivalent to the deleted SE developmentplan task d, STEP 4638 (FIG. 46 c), and SE[i] is updated in the SEdatabase, STEP 4640.

In one embodiment, the replacement of t[k] should not necessarily remaina full-fledged development plan task, and another task may be used toconsolidate it. The process therefore rebuilds the SE[i] developmentplan, STEP 4642, which action, if SE[i] development plan task t[k] wasnot the last consolidation of the previously deleted SE development plantask d, would be a NOOP, but if it were, would result in selection ofthe right primary development task for consolidation from among the setof SE development plan tasks identical to the previously deleted SEdevelopment plan task d. Therefore, subsequent to this step, processingbreaks out of the nested SE and development plan task processing loopsand starts the external dependency remediation process from STEP 4620.

Otherwise, processing continues in the nested loops until thedevelopment plan tasks, STEP 4644, for all SEs under development areprocessed, STEP 4646.

Import and Export of SE Development Plan Data

The SE development plan builder permits import and export of SEdevelopment plan data from and to the format compatible with theindustry standard project planning tools, e.g., Microsoft Project.

Building Development Budget

Given a development labor cost table and the component data feed, adevelopment budget can be built by consolidating labor and resourcescosts. In one embodiment, an assumption is made that the design laborcosts are the same, while development labor costs are diverse, beingbased on specified skills.

The process of determining a development budget is known in the art andimplemented in software products, e.g., Microsoft Project.

Deployment Plan

A SE deployment plan is a series of tasks involving provisioning,installation, if appropriate, customization, integration, and subsequentcheckout of successful deployment for each step (see FIG. 2 g).Depending on the nature of a SE for which deployment is being planned,these steps may have a different nature—e.g., provisioning may includeordering and receiving a machine or part, subscribing to an on-lineservice, allocating space in a data center, staffing and/or training theappropriate skills, etc. Similarly, checkout, in this context, mayinclude ensuring that the received machine or part is indeed what wasrequested, on-line service subscription is in place and functioning,allocated data center space is indeed available, required personnel ison-board and possess the required skills, etc. Installation may includeactual physical installation of software and/or hardware, or activationof particular level 1 help desk scripts. Customization and integrationtasks are usually pertinent to hardware- and/or software-specific SEs orcomponents.

Building a SE Deployment Plan

One embodiment of the logic associated with building a SE deploymentplan is described with reference to FIGS. 47 a-47 c. A user initiatesthe process of building the plan by entering the specification of the SEfor which a deployment plan is to be built on a SE deployment planpanel. The process obtains the SE specification from the user, STEP4700, and attempts to retrieve the specified SE from the SE database,STEP 4702. If the specified SE is not found in the SE database, INQUIRY4704, processing terminates with an error, STEP 4706. Otherwise, adetermination is made as to whether the SE has a deployment planpresent, INQUIRY 4708. If there is no deployment plan present, then theprocess creates the SE deployment plan data structure (see FIG. 2 g),STEP 4710 (FIG. 47 a), and updates the SE in the SE database, STEP 4712.

Thereafter, or if there was a deployment plan present, INQUIRY 4708, theprocess attempts to retrieve the SE composition, STEP 4714. If a SEcomposition is not present, INQUIRY 4716, processing terminates with anerror, STEP 4718. Otherwise, the process obtains a SE composition item,STEP 4720 (FIG. 47 b), and builds provisioning and installation SEdeployment plan tasks for this SE composition item, as described below,STEP 4722. Next, a determination is made as to whether there are more SEcomposition items, INQUIRY 4724. If more SE composition items arepresent in the SE composition, processing repeats, STEP 4720. Otherwise,the process has built the provisioning and installation tasks for the SEdeployment plan, and the SE is updated in the SE database, STEP 4726.

The process then attempts to retrieve the SE design, STEP 4728. If theSE design is not present, INQUIRY 4730, processing terminates with anerror, STEP 4732. Otherwise, a determination is made as to whethercustomization design items are present in the SE design, INQUIRY 4734.If so, the process obtains a SE design customization item, STEP 4736(FIG. 47 c), and builds customization SE deployment plan tasks for thisSE design customization item, STEP 4738. If more customization items arepresent in SE design, INQUIRY 4740, processing repeats, STEP 4736.

When all customization design items are processed, or if nocustomization items are present in the SE design, a check is made as towhether integration design items are present in the SE design, STEP4742. If so, the process obtains a SE design integration item, STEP4744, and builds integration SE deployment plan tasks for this SE designintegration item, STEP 4746. If more integration items are present inthe SE design, INQUIRY 4748, processing repeats, STEP 4744. Otherwise,or if no integration items are present, the process completes byupdating the SE in the SE database, STEP 4750.

One embodiment of the logic associated with an overview of buildingprovisioning and installation deployment tasks for a SE composition itemis described with reference to FIG. 48. Initially, a determination ismade as to whether the SE composition item is a SE, INQUIRY 4800. If theSE composition item is a SE, a single reference deployment task iscreated indicating that deployment of the SE referenced by thecomposition item is to be performed, STEP 4802.

Otherwise, the SE composition item is a component, and thus, the processbuilds a component provisioning SE deployment plan task, as describedbelow, STEP 4804. Thereafter, a checkout task for the provisioning taskis built, which includes a checkout task dependency on the completion ofthe previously built component provisioning task, STEP 4806. The processthen builds a component installation task, as described below, STEP4808, followed by a checkout task for the component installation task,which includes a checkout task dependency on the completion of thepreviously built component installation task, STEP 4810. A dependency oncompletion of the checkout for component provisioning task is then addedto the component installation task, STEP 4812.

Subsequent to performing STEP 4812, or STEP 4802, if the SE compositionitem is a SE, any SE deployment plan tasks built by the process areadded to the SE, STEP 4814.

One embodiment of the logic associated with building a componentprovisioning SE deployment plan task is described with reference to FIG.49. Initially, the process creates a SE deployment plan task forcomponent provisioning, and enters the specified component and componentquantity obtained from the SE composition, STEP 4900. Thereafter, thespecified component is retrieved from the component data feed, STEP4902. Additionally, the component provisioning lead-time (time fromcomponent order to order fulfillment and delivery of the component) isobtained from component data, STEP 4904, and entered into the built SEdeployment plan task, STEP 4906.

Since components may be provisioned from multiple suppliers usingdifferent order processes, a reference to the component provisioningprocess (supplier identification and method of provisioning) is storedin the built SE deployment plan task, STEP 4908. The user is thenprompted for a provisioning labor estimate (e.g., labor required toperform the activities for the specified component provisioningprocess), STEP 4910. When presented with the provisioning labor estimateprompt, the user responds by entering the estimated amount of laborrequired to provision the component, and the process obtains the enteredinformation, STEP 4912. The process then stores the estimate in thebuilt SE deployment plan task, STEP 4914. One skilled in the art willrecognize that the user prompt used in this embodiment may be replacedby a table lookup of standard labor estimates associated with multiplestandard provisioning processes.

One embodiment of the logic associated with building a componentinstallation SE deployment plan task is described with reference toFIGS. 50 a-50 b. The process starts by creating a SE deployment plantask for component installation and entering the specified component andcomponent quantity obtained from the SE composition, STEP 5000.Thereafter, the specified component information is retrieved from thecomponent data feed, STEP 5002. If installation instructions areavailable in the retrieved component information, INQUIRY 5004, then areference to component installation instructions is stored in thecomponent installation SE deployment plan task, STEP 5006.

Further, a determination is made as to whether the installation laborprojection was previously retrieved from the component data feed,INQUIRY 5008. If not, the user is prompted for the installation laborprojection, STEP 5010 (FIG. 50 b). The user responds to the installationlabor estimate prompt by entering an estimate for component installationlabor, which the process obtains, STEP 5012. The component installationlabor estimate entered by the user or available from the component datafeed is then stored in the component installation SE deployment plantask, STEP 5014.

Subsequently, a determination is made as to the availability of theelapsed time estimates, INQUIRY 5016. If a component installationelapsed time projection is not available from the component data feed,then the user is prompted for the component installation elapsed timeprojection, STEP 5018. The user responds to the component installationelapsed time projection prompt by entering an estimated elapsed time forcomponent installation, which the process obtains, STEP 5020. Thecomponent installation elapsed time projection entered by the user oravailable from the component data feed is then stored in the componentinstallation SE deployment plan task, STEP 5022.

Returning to INQUIRY 5004, if installation instructions are unavailable,then the user is prompted for a component installation instructionsreference, STEP 5024. The user responds to this prompt by entering areference to component installation instructions; or by entering“unavailable” indicating that instructions have not yet been producedand will become available later; or by entering “trivial” indicatingthat the instructions will not be produced since the installationprocess is trivial—e.g., connect power cable to the single availablepower connection on a device. The process receives the componentinstallation instructions response, STEP 5026, and stores thisinformation in the component installation SE deployment plan task, STEP5028.

If installation instructions are specified as “trivial”, INQUIRY 5030,the process stores a standard “trivial” labor amount in the installationlabor estimate of the component installation SE deployment plan task,STEP 5032. Processing then continues with INQUIRY 5016. Otherwise,processing continues with STEP 5010.

One embodiment of the logic associated with creating integration orcustomization SE deployment plan tasks is described with reference toFIG. 51. Initially, a check is made of the design item, INQUIRY 5100. Ifthe SE design item for which the tasks are to be built is acustomization design item, a customization SE deployment plan task isbuilt, as described below, STEP 5102. Otherwise, an integration SEdeployment plan task is built, as described below, STEP 5104. Thecorresponding checkout SE deployment plan task is then built for thepreviously built customization or integration SE deployment plan task,as described below, STEP 5106, and the previously built deployment plantasks are added to the SE deployment plan, STEP 5108.

One embodiment of the logic associated with creating a customization SEdeployment plan task is described with reference to FIG. 52. Initially,the process creates the customization SE deployment plan task, STEP5200. The process then obtains a reference to the SE designcustomization item specification section, STEP 5202, and stores it inthe created SE deployment plan task, STEP 5204.

Next, the process obtains estimated labor to perform customization ofthe target SE (SE[c]) from the SE design customization item, STEP 5206,and stores the obtained value in the customization SE deployment plantask, STEP 5208. Similarly, the process obtains estimated elapsed timefor SE[c] customization from the SE design customization item, STEP5210, and stores the obtained value in the customization SE deploymentplan task, STEP 5212.

The process then obtains a reference to SE[c] from the SE designcustomization item, STEP 5214, and searches the SE deployment plan forthe corresponding SE[c] deployment placeholder SE deployment plan task,STEP 5216, in order to add a dependency on the completion of the SE[c]deployment SE deployment plan task to this SE deployment plan task, STEP5218.

One embodiment of the logic associated with creating an integration SEdeployment plan task is described with reference to FIG. 53. Initially,the process creates the integration SE deployment plan task, STEP 5300.Then, the process obtains a reference to the SE design integration itemspecification section, STEP 5302, and stores it in the created SEdeployment plan task, STEP 5304.

Additionally, the process obtains estimated labor to perform integrationof the target SEs (SE[i,1] and SE[i,2]) from the SE design integrationitem, STEP 5306, and stores the obtained value in the integration SEdeployment plan task, STEP 5308. Similarly, the process obtainsestimated elapsed time for SE[i,1] and SE[i,2] integration from the SEdesign integration item, STEP 5310, and stores the obtained value in theintegration SE deployment plan task, STEP 5312.

The process then obtains a reference to SE[i,1] from the SE designintegration item, STEP 5314, and searches the SE deployment plan for thecorresponding SE[i,1] deployment placeholder SE deployment plan task,STEP 5316, in order to add a dependency on the SE[i,1] deployment SEdeployment plan task to this SE deployment plan task, STEP 5318.Similarly, the process then obtains a reference to SE[i,2] from the SEdesign integration item, STEP 5320, and searches the SE deployment planfor the corresponding SE[i,2] deployment placeholder SE deployment plantask, STEP 5322, in order to add a dependency on the SE[i,2] deploymentSE deployment plan task to this SE deployment plan task, STEP 5324.

One embodiment of the logic associated with creating a checkout SEdevelopment plan task is described with reference to FIG. 54. A checkoutSE deployment plan task is created, STEP 5400, and a dependency on theSE deployment task t for which the checkout task is being built is addedto the checkout plan task, STEP 5402.

Thereafter, a check is made of t, INQUIRY 5406. If t is a SE deploymentplan task for component provisioning, the checkout amounts toverification of the received component type and quantity against theoriginal specification, STEP 5408. Otherwise, if t is a SE deploymentplan task for component installation, INQUIRY 5410, then if thecomponent installation instruction is available in t (by definition, itwould include a checkout procedure for the installation), INQUIRY 5412,a reference is stored in the checkout task to the checkout procedureassociated with the component installation instruction, STEP 5414.Otherwise, “checkout instruction unavailable” (it will be created laterby development) is stored in the SE deployment checkout task, STEP 5416.

Returning to INQUIRY 5410, if t is not an installation, then if t is aSE deployment plan task for customization, INQUIRY 5418, the SEdevelopment plan is searched for the associated customizationdevelopment task to refer to its deliverable(s), which include acustomization checkout procedure, STEP 5420. The resulting checkoutprocedure reference is stored in the checkout task. Otherwise, if t is aSE deployment plan task for integration, INQUIRY 5422, then the SEdevelopment plan is searched for the associated integration developmenttask to refer to its deliverable(s), of which include an integrationcheckout procedure, STEP 5424. The resulting checkout procedurereference is stored in the checkout task.

If t is none of the above, it is a placeholder created as a reference toimbed deployment of another SE into this plan, and it requires nocheckout procedure (the other SE's deployment plan would include that).Therefore, the previously created checkout SE development plan isdestroyed prior to completing the process, STEP 5426.

Editing a SE Deployment Plan

In one embodiment, a SE deployment plan may be edited. For example,manual editing may be used in order to refine/complete the SE deploymentplan. The manual edit function is a structured edit tool, which permitsadjustments to the selected values of SE deployment plan entries.

Building a Consolidated SE Deployment Plan

Economies may be gained by consolidating identical (or nearly identical)deployment tasks for multiple SEs into a single optimized series ofdeployment activities. The process starts at the top SE and brings inthe series of deployment tasks from any SEs included in the top SE intothe SE deployment plan. This activity is performed recursively on allthe SEs included in the top SE, prior to actually consolidating the topSE deployment plan. Once all the tasks for all SEs are put in a singlelist of deployment tasks, duplicate tasks are found and combinedtogether, making sure dependencies on consolidated tasks are preserved.For example, if there is a series of deployment tasks for provisioningand installation of N components C in the top SE and a similar series ofdeployment tasks for provisioning and installation of M components C inan included SE, the series is combined, resulting in a singleconsolidated series of provisioning and installation of N+M componentsC, with any other tasks having a dependency on either original serieschanged to have a dependency on the new series.

In one embodiment, this consolidation is not performed. Althougheconomies may be gained, consolidation of SE deployment plans may bedisadvantageous, since deployment personnel is likely to becomeoblivious to the SE structure of a collection of SEs as a result ofthis, potentially resulting in loss of quality.

Deconsolidating SE Deployment Plans

A previously built consolidated SE deployment plan may be refreshed toreflect a change, which causes deconsolidation of the appropriate items.

Producing a Deployment Document

A deployment plan document may be generated on request from a user in aprintable format.

Determining Projected Elapsed Time for SE Deployment

Projected elapsed time for SE deployment may be determined by followingthe chain of dependencies for a collection of SEs, starting from the topSE, and adding elapsed time of deployment tasks. Since multiple chainsare possible, each chain is followed, and the maximum time is selectedas the resulting projected elapsed time value for SE deployment.

Building a SE Deployment Budget

In one embodiment, a SE deployment budget is built. In building thebudget, certain assumptions are made. For instance, an assumption ismade that all deployment labor costs are the same. The process ofdetermining a deployment budget is known in the art, and implemented invarious software products, such as, for example, Microsoft Project,Microsoft Excel, or Lotus 1-2-3.

Templates

Templates are standard “skeletons” of service offerings or SEs ofparticular types. A template is similar to a SE in its structure, exceptfor being only partially completed and devoid of quantities of includedcontent. For example, a template could include “level 1 support”, butnot make a projection of “14 hrs/week of level 1 support”.

A template can be used as a starting point and as a set of guidelinesfor designing a particular type of SE or offering. Templates make itpossible to create enforceable design standards. In one example, thereare two uses of templates:

-   -   A. Reference use—The template is used as a starting/reference        point for a design. Deviations, additions, or deletions of        components and relationships in the SE being designed are        permitted; and    -   B. Standardization use—The template is used as a standard for a        particular type of SE or service offering. A designer may add        additional composition items (components or SEs) as a part of        the design activity, but is not permitted to remove any items        present in the template.

The Service Development Tool system administrator establishes the use oftemplates (reference or standardization).

Templates are created and developed using the mechanisms for creatingand developing SEs, described above. Templates are stored in the SEdatabase (e.g., in a separate table intended for templates). Further,templates may be manipulated (e.g., modified, deleted, etc.) using thetechniques described above. A template data structure is that of a SE,with the “template” indicator set. A developer develops an offering orSE by filling in the appropriate quantities into a copy of a template,which becomes the SE, and in some cases, adding additional compositionnot included in the standard template (assuming augmentation ispermitted).

Development Optimization

The Service Development Tool of the present invention includes searchfunctions that permit a user developing a SE to search for similardesign items. If a user, in the course of SE design, discovers that SE1is included in the SE composition and desires certain customization, theuser can perform a search through the other SEs (either in production orin development status) to see if any other SE (e.g., SEn) alreadyincludes identical or similar customization. If identical customizationis found, a natural action would be to package SE1 with the specifiedcustomization into a new SE (SE1 a) which requires no customization andinclude SE1 a in both SE and SEn as a ready component. Similarly, if SEincludes integration of SE1 and SE2, a search can be performed foridentical or similar integration, and possibly, a new SE, including aparticular type of integration of SE1 and SE2 may be packaged andreused.

Lifecycle Support

Lifecycle changes to a SE may be developer-initiated (based on externalfactors) or SDT-initiated, based on the updates of the components orSEs. It is the expectation that the components and/or SEs of an SE aregoing to change. For example, certain components are going to becomeunavailable and will be replaced by other components with similarcharacteristics; new components will become available; component costswill change due to changes in technology and/or labor rates; supplierswill change due to contract expirations, new terms and conditions arenegotiated, etc. A change in a single component causes changes in theSEs that include that component in their composition, which in turn,causes changes in SEs that include the changed SEs in their composition,etc.

Creation of a new version of a SE does not necessarily cause immediatechanges in SEs dependent on the one being changed. This is because thenew version does not necessarily eliminate the previous version(s).However, in one example, the number of concurrently existing versions ofa single SE is restricted, e.g., by establishing a phase-out date forversions other than the last N, and forcing any SEs dependent on the oldversions of a SE to migrate to the newer or newest SE version.

Given two types of effects a lifecycle change may have on SEsmaintained, the SDT provides two lifecycle functions, as examples:

-   -   A. Lifecycle Update—Update of impacted SEs as a result of SE or        component change; and    -   B. Notification of a Potential Lifecycle Update—Notification to        SE owners about new versions of SEs to which they may elect to        migrate owned SEs at their convenience (and before the specified        phase-out dates).

The following triggers of a lifecycle change are considered:

-   -   1. SE change:        -   a. Lifecycle (non-functional maintenance) change in a SE;        -   b. SE version phase-out; and        -   c. Functional change in a SE.    -   2. Component change:        -   a. Component cost change;        -   b. Component source or provisioning process change; and        -   c. Component replacement.

In one embodiment, a restriction is imposed on altered components andSEs of not introducing incompatibilities. That is, in one example, it issafe to assume that the new version of a SE or a replaced componentsatisfies existing technical dependencies.

One embodiment of a high-level process of initiating lifecycle changeprocessing is described with reference to FIG. 55. When a lifecyclechange is triggered (e.g., manually or by the tool itself (e.g.,lifecycle support unit), as a result of detecting a change, a changerequest is considered, INQUIRY 5500. If the change request is acomponent change, then lifecycle component change processing isperformed, as described below, as described below, STEP 5502. Otherwise,lifecycle SE change processing is performed, as described below, STEP5504. As one example, the processing is performed by the lifecyclesupport unit of the Service Development Tool.

One embodiment of the logic associated with a lifecycle component changeis described with reference to FIG. 56. Initially, a list of theproduction SEs is retrieved from the SE database, STEP 5600, and a SE isselected from the list, STEP 5602. The SE composition is retrieved fromthe SE, STEP 5604, and an attempt is made to find an impacted componentin the SE composition, STEP 5606. If an impacted component isrepresented in the SE composition, INQUIRY 5608, then the process of SEupdate for component change is initiated for each impacted component andthe component change request is propagated to that process, STEP 5610(see FIG. 57). Thereafter, or if an impacted component is not found, adetermination is made as to whether there are more SEs, INQUIRY 5612. Ifso, processing continues with STEP 5602. Upon completion of traversal ofthe SE list, a summary report is generated, STEP 5614.

One embodiment of the logic associated with a SE update for componentchange is described with reference to FIGS. 57 a-57 b. Initially, a newSE version is created, STEP 5700, and then the impacted SE compositionitem is refreshed from the component data feed, STEP 5702. Thereafter, adetermination is made as to whether this is a component change requestfor component replacement, INQUIRY 5704. If this is a component changerequest for component replacement by virtue of refreshing the SEcomposition item, SE design, or cost case, or revising the developmentand deployment plans, development and test for this change are to beperformed. Thus, the SE business and development owners are notifiedwith the notification that indicates that the SE is now in developmentdue to component replacement, STEP 5706. Additionally, the SE is updatedin the SE database (the new version of SE now has the “development inprogress” indicator set until the appropriate development and testactivities complete), STEP 5708.

Returning to INQUIRY 5704, if the component itself has not changed(i.e., no direct technical impact to SE design is expected), adetermination is made as to whether the change is initiated as a resultof a component source or component provisioning process change, INQUIRY5710. If so, the SE deployment plan is revised to account for thechanges, STEP 5712. Thereafter, or if it is not a change resulting froma component source or provisioning process change, but a component costchange, the SE cost case is revised, STEP 5714.

Should the cost case revision result in a SE cost increase, INQUIRY5716, then SE error checking is performed (which indicates an error, ifthe SE business case is no longer valid), as described below, STEP 5718.If an error is detected, INQUIRY 5720, the SE business owner is notifiedwith a notification indicating that the SE update due to component costincrease results in an invalid business case, STEP 5722, and the SE isupdated in SE database, STEP 5708. (Additionally, similar logic appliesif component procurement time is changed.)

Returning to INQUIRY 5716, if the SE cost case revision does not resultin a SE cost increase, an informational notification is issued to the SEbusiness owner, indicating that a benign lifecycle change took place (atwhich point the SE business owner may determine whether the SE cost hasdecreased as a result of this lifecycle change, and whether this costdecrease should be accompanied by a SE price decrease), STEP 5724 (FIG.57 b). The SE “development in progress” indicator is turned off, STEP5726, the SE is updated in SE database, STEP 5728, and a lifecycle SEchange process is initiated to make sure that the change in this SE isreflected in any SEs that depend on this SE, STEP 5730.

One embodiment of the logic associated with a lifecycle SE change isdescribed with reference to FIG. 58. Initially, a list of production SEsis obtained from the SE database, STEP 5800, and a SE is selected fromthe list, STEP 5802. Thereafter, one or more SE dependencies(prerequisites) is obtained from the SE, STEP 5804. Then, an attempt ismade to find one or more impacted SEs in the list of SE prerequisites,STEP 5806. If an impacted SE is found, INQUIRY 5808, the process of SEupdate for SE change is initiated for each impacted SE and the SE changerequest is propagated to that process, STEP 5810 (see FIG. 59).Thereafter, or if an impacted SE is not found, a determination is madeas to whether there are more SEs, INQUIRY 5812. If so, processingcontinues with STEP 5802. Upon completion of traversal of the SE list, asummary report is generated, STEP 5814.

One embodiment of the logic associated with the SE update for SE changeis described with reference to FIG. 59. Initially, the process creates anew version of the SE, STEP 5900. Then, a determination is made as tothe type of change, INQUIRY 5902. If the SE change request represents afunctional change, then notification is sent to the SE development ownerindicating a functional change in a prerequisite SE, STEP 5904. Despitethe fact that compatibility is maintained, additional functions may beintroduced as a result of the functional change in the prerequisite SEof which the target SE might be able to take advantage. The technicalowner of the SE is expected to review the change in the prerequisite SEand ascertain whether any changes to the target SE are required. The newversion of the target SE is stored in the SE database, STEP 5906.

Returning to INQUIRY 5902, if the SE change request represents anon-functional change (i.e., lifecycle revision or a phase-out of theold version of the prerequisite SE), the process retrieves the SEcomposition, STEP 5908, finds the SE composition item representing thechanging SE, STEP 5910, and performs a revision of the target SEcomposition item (which results in updates to SE design, cost case,development and deployment plans), STEP 5912.

Further, the process performs a SE error check to ensure that themodified SE is still in a sound state, STEP 5914. If an error isdetected by the SE error check, INQUIRY 5916, then the SE business owneris notified of an error in the lifecycle update due to a non-functionalprerequisite SE change, STEP 5918, and the updated SE is stored in theSE database, STEP 5906. However, if no errors are detected by the SEerror check, then the SE business and development owners are notifiedthat the SE lifecycle update was successfully performed, STEP 5920, thetarget SE “development in progress” indicator is turned off, STEP 5922,the target SE is updated in the SE database, STEP 5924, and the processof lifecycle SE change is invoked recursively to ensure that all chainsof prerequisites are completely exhausted, STEP 5926.

Error Checking

As described herein, error checking is performed during different phasesof SE management. In accordance with an aspect of the present invention,both technical and business aspects of a service element are verified.Further details regarding error checking are described with reference toFIGS. 60-62.

Referring to FIG. 60, an overview of error checking is described.Initially, SE completeness is verified (e.g., verification ofreferential integrity is performed), STEP 6000. Thereafter, verificationof SE relationships is performed, as described above, STEP 6002. Next, adetermination is made as to whether the SE design is based on a designtemplate, INQUIRY 6004. If the SE was designed using a design template,then SE standardization verification is performed, as described below,STEP 6006. Thereafter, or if a design template was not used, then SEbusiness rules verification is performed, as described below, STEP 6008.

One embodiment of the logic associated with performing SEstandardization verification is described with reference to FIGS. 61a-61 b. Initially, the SE design template used to design this SE isretrieved from the SE database, STEP 6100. Then, the SE design templatecomposition is extracted from the SE design template, STEP 6102.Further, the SE composition is extracted from the SE, STEP 6104.

Thereafter, an empty list of missing components is created, STEP 6106.Further, a SE design template composition entry is selected from the SEdesign template composition, STEP 6108, and an attempt is made to findthis SE design template composition entry in the SE composition, STEP6110. If the SE design template composition entry is not found in the SEcomposition, INQUIRY 6112, then it is added to the list of missingcomponents, STEP 6114. Thereafter, or if it is found, a determination ismade as to whether there are more entries in the SE design templatecomposition, INQUIRY 6116. If there are more entries, then processingcontinues with STEP 6108. Otherwise, processing continues with adetermination of whether the SE design template permits augmentation,INQUIRY 6118 (FIG. 61 b).

If the SE design template does not permit augmentation, then any SEcomposition entries that remain that were not found as a result ofprevious searches (i.e., they do not correspond to any SE designtemplate composition entries) are copied to a list of illegal additions,STEP 6120. Thereafter, or if the SE design template does permitaugmentation, then a further determination is made as to whether thelist of missing components is empty, INQUIRY 6122. If the previouslybuilt list of missing components is not empty, an error message isdisplayed to indicate missing components discovered by thestandardization verification, STEP 6124.

Subsequently, or if the list of missing components is empty, then afurther determination is made as to whether the list of illegaladditions exists, INQUIRY 6126. If the list of illegal additions doesexist, then an error message is displayed to indicate illegal additionsof components to an SE design based on a SE design template that doesnot permit augmentation, STEP 6128. Thereafter, or if the list does notexist, then processing is complete.

One embodiment of the logic associated with the business rulesverification is described with reference to FIG. 62. The business rulescheck is a process of applying a set of constraints on cost,profitability, timing, etc. pertinent to the business case of a serviceelement. Input to the business rules is performed at initiation of SEdevelopment activities and includes, for instance: projected salesvolumes, sales time period, required minimum profit margin, targetmaximum price, and/or target relative availability date.

Initially, the process determines the SE projected availability datefrom the SE development plan (e.g., the last development plan taskcompletion date), STEP 6200. If the determined SE projected availabilitydate is after the specified target relative availability date, INQUIRY6202, an error is noted indicating that the target availability date isnot attainable, STEP 6204. Thereafter, or if the availability dateprecedes the specified target relative availability date, then the SEcost is obtained from the SE cost case, STEP 6206.

If the determined SE cost does not permit the specified profit margingiven the specified target maximum price, INQUIRY 6208, an error isnoted indicating that the specified target price is not attainable giventhe specified target margin, STEP 6210.

Thereafter, or if the cost does permit the specified margin given thetarget maximum price point, the process continues with verification ofthe gross profit margin (GPM) attainment, STEP 6212. In one example, theprocess of verification of the GPM is as follows:GPM is calculated as: GPM=(TR−TC)/TRWhile:TC=DEV+(x*(MAINT+DPLMT))DEV=AHS+DEVPLNMAINT=(DEV*0.2)/12where:

-   -   x: projected contract or customer retention period (months);    -   GPM: Gross Profit Margin;    -   TR: Total Revenue over x months;    -   TC: Total Cost over x months;    -   DEV: Development cost—one time cost;    -   MAINT: Monthly maintenance cost; assumed to equal 20% of        development cost per year;    -   DEVPLN: Development investment (derived from SE development        plan);    -   DPLMT: Monthly deployment cost (derived from SE deployment        plan);    -   AHS: Application hosting feasibility study (if applicable).

If the GPM is not attainable, INQUIRY 6214, an error is noted indicatingthat the target GPM is not attainable, STEP 6216. Thereafter, or if theGPM is attainable, the process is complete.

Errors can be remedied by either changing the SE design or developmentplan to optimize the content, or by changing the specification ofbusiness rules, as examples.

SE Localization

Some SEs may be designed as local to a particular geography, whileothers may be designed for multiple geographies. Certain components usedin the creation of SEs and deemed optimal in the geography where the SEwas originally developed may not be available in other geographies.Certain components may be available in all geographies, but vary incosts, availability, and provisioning mechanisms between geographies.Adaptation of a SE designed for one geography to another geography iscalled localization.

Two methods of SE localization are described below, and both are basedon the notion of finding the most appropriate match for each of thecomponents included in a SE composition that is locally available.

SE Localization Using Translation

The technique of SE localization using translation assumes that for eachcomponent used in composing a SE in one geography, at the time ofcomponent use (or at the time of making that component available for usein this geography), its equivalents in all other geographies are known.A component translation table can therefore be built, such that theprocess of SE localization would amount to a sequential pass through theSE composition and a replacement of one set of components by anotherusing the built translation table.

SE Localization by Finding Closest Component Matches

The technique of SE localization by finding closest component matchesassumes that no preliminary determination of component replacement tookplace. A user creates a geography-specific version of a SE and attemptsto complete its development, at which time a SE error check isperformed. The error check consults the local component data feed andidentifies any components not locally available. The user then performsa sequence of SE edit activities and replaces each unavailable componentby the closest match available from the local component data feed.

Simultaneous Use of Both Methods

In one embodiment, both techniques can be used simultaneously, as somecomponents may naturally lend themselves to one or another approach. Forexample, devices (e.g., computer processor models) naturally lendthemselves to the translation technique, since at the time of computerprocessor model availability, it is known whether this model is globallyavailable or what are the equivalent models available in each geography.On the other hand, parallel printer cables are readily available frommultiple suppliers in any geography, and therefore, it may be simpler tofind the closest match for the parallel printer cable component at thetime a SE including a printer cable is being localized.

The decision to apply one or the other technique may also be based onthe expected frequency of the need to localize a particular component.For example, an offering includes one or the other processor model, butvery few include printers (which are usually more conveniently locatedon customer premises).

Functional Best Fit and Financial Adjustment

Because component costs may be different in different geographies, thereis no guarantee that the localization, once performed, would result inan offering with a valid business case for the target geography. Shouldit be detected that the localized SE failed the SE error check due to abusiness case problem, the localization process is performed in twopasses, as one example:

-   -   Pass 1—Functional Best Fit: In this phase, the choice of a        component replacement is based on the closest relevant        functional characteristic(s) —e.g., a 900 MHz CPU available in        the source geography could be replaced with a 950 MHz CPU        available in the target geography, rather than a 750 MHz CPU        whose cost in the target geography may be similar to the cost of        900 MHz CPU in the source geography.    -   Pass 2 (performed repeatedly until SE error check is        successfully passed)—Financial Adjustment: This phase replaces        more expensive components chosen as a result of functional best        fit component replacement selection by components whose        functional characteristics may be slightly off, but whose cost        is closer to the one of the original source geography        component—e.g., the previously chosen 950 MHz CPU may now be        replaced first with a 850 MHz CPU, and then, if this is        insufficient, with a 750 MHz CPU.        Abstract SEs

In certain cases, it may be worthwhile to introduce the notion ofabstract SEs. Abstract SEs are those that are not necessarily built ofreal components available in any geographies, but rather of genericentities, functionally equivalent to a component, but not necessarilyprovided by any source (called abstract components). For example, thenotion of an hour of labor may apply to all geographies, but the actualcosts and methods of provisioning may differ between differentcountries. Similarly, floor space, bandwidth, DASD space, processorpower, processor memory, etc. may be represented abstractly and abstractSEs embodying these notions may be built.

Abstract SEs, while not ideally suited for any geography, could beinstantiated into SEs suited to the needs of any geography/locale byapplying the SE localization techniques.

Packaging And Distributing SEs

In a further aspect of the present invention, service elements may bepackaged and distributed, in order to be implemented and/or delivered byanother party. For example, either SE design, SE implementation or both,can be packaged on media (e.g., CD-ROM or floppy disk) or the Internet(e.g., a web site providing access to download the package or FTP siteor e-mail distribution) and distributed.

One embodiment of the logic associated with packaging and distributingSE design and/or implementation is described with reference to FIG. 63.In one example, initially, a service element is designed, STEP 6300, andthen, implemented, STEP 6302. The implemented SE is packaged fordistribution, STEP 6304. This includes, for instance, copyinginformation associated with the SE (e.g., the entire data structure ofthe SE) from the SE database to media or the Internet. The packaged SEimplementation is then distributed to a customer, STEP 6306, such as,for instance, an IT (information technology) service provider 6308 or anIT customer 6310. It is then the customer that delivers the service,STEP 6312.

In a further embodiment, the SE design is not implemented at this time,but instead, packaged for distribution, STEP 6314. The packaging isperformed similarly to that described above, in which design aspects ofthe data structure are copied. The packaged SE design is thendistributed to a customer, STEP 6316, such as an IT service provider6318 or an IT customer 6320. The customer receives the packaged SEdesign, implements the SE, STEP 6322, and delivers the service in theappropriate environment.

In a further example, the SE distribution is accomplished via anintermediary (e.g., a reseller or distributor), who then distributes theSE designs and/or implementation to the customer.

In a further embodiment, implementation (and not design) is packaged anddistributed.

The above processing enables service elements to be purchased fordelivery, instead of delivering the result of the service elements,i.e., the service.

Service Offerings

As described above, a service element that provides a complete functionis also referred to as a service offering. There are various types ofservice offerings, including hosted service offerings, and applicationhosted service offerings.

A hosted service offering is a service offering based on a company's orcustomer's infrastructure, operated under the company's control. In oneexample, hosted service offerings are represented as a continuum oftier-based services offerings, ranging from infrastructure to acomprehensive set of application hosting services, and supporting avariety of billing models. For example, a hosted service offeringincludes a hosting infrastructure, such as physical hosting space (datacenter), security, Internet connectivity, disaster recovery functions,device provisioning and maintenance, etc. Upon the hostinginfrastructure, custom hosting services may be built.

Hosting management includes local or remote management of devices,networks, and software. Upon the hosting management layer, managedservices may be built.

An integration and data transformation layer includes electronic datainterchange (EDI) functionality, functions that transform data amongvarious formats, and integration protocols. Upon the integration anddata transformation layer, EDI and data transformation services may bebuilt.

The hosted applications layer draws upon functionality of all precedinglayers and provides a set of application hosting services.

An application hosted service offering is, for instance, a hostedoffering including at least one application. Application hostedofferings can be presented as a topological three-tier modelclassification, including a client tier, middle tier, and a back tier.These are conceptual (logical) tiers, which can be physically combined,depending on a variety of factors. Different combinations of these tiersyield a topological nomenclature of hosted application offerings.

As examples, the client can be static or factual (i.e., a program,packaged as a part of the application, permanently resident on theclient computer(s)), dynamic (i.e., a program, packaged as a part of theapplication, not permanently resident on the client's computer—e.g.,loaded from the middle tier at execution time; e.g., Java applet), ornull (i.e., application is accessed via a browser without applets(“dumb” browser), terminal, or terminal emulator).

A summary of application hosted offerings nomenclature is presented inthe table below: Classifica- Offering tion Description Model DiscreteCustomers use dedicated configuration Shared/ Customers use dedicated orshared Subscription configuration, application support is included(e.g., ASP) Usage Customers use the function(s) provided byapplication(s) and are not aware of the hosting platform topology (e.g.,utility or e-sourcing) Client Static Factual client, client softwareinstalled on client computers Dynamic Dynamically accessed clientclient/server, client software not installed on client computers webbrowser with applet Null Null client terminal web browser (no applets)screen scraper or windows terminal (e.g., Citrix) used for static ordynamic client Sharing Dedicated Hosting configuration is used by asingle customer Shared Hosting configuration is used by one or morecustomers concurrently Topology (1) Remote Hosting configuration oncustomer premises, management company remotely manages the application(2) Data Company hosts back tier (usually, data management management)(3) Partial Company hosts application, but client code is hostinginstalled on customer computers (4) Complete Company hosts applicationcompletely, hosting including client

It has been proven empirically, based on statistical information onproblems associated with hosted applications, that most applications arenot designed for and have problems when placed in a hosted environment.Development of hosted service offerings has been a time-consuming andcostly procedure with a number of human, technical, and financialresources involved in the development process. The work spans differentareas, including business, technical, and others, split in phases withmultiple checkpoints, and usually takes multiple months even for atrivial function. Multiple solution elements are produced duringdifferent phases of the process.

problems associated with hosted applications were being discovered latein the development cycle, and as a result, entailed significant projectdelays and development cost increases. To alleviate this, ApplicationHosting Competency (AHC) was created, in accordance with an aspect ofthe present invention.

AHC has a function of assessing and enabling software packages,including applications, middleware, etc., for hosting in a specifichosting environment. The AHC process includes a set of manual tasks,tailored to specific delivery environments and offering models. Theoutputs of AHC are quantified cost, risk, and enablement features forapplications.

One embodiment of an overview of a development process that includes AHCis described with reference to FIG. 64. The input to the developmentprocess is a prioritized list of candidate applications 6400. This listis processed by the Application Hosting Competency (AHC) 6402 toascertain feasibility of hosting each application and costs and risksassociated therewith. In one example, this processing includes aninformation or knowledge gathering step that includes various phases, aswell as the design and implementation of desired enablement elements.This processing includes, for instance, the following:

Determine preliminary candidates (e.g., possible vendors);

-   -   Preliminary independent software vendor (ISV) capabilities        assessment (e.g., how long has application been offered,        customer base);    -   Preliminary ISV application assessment (e.g., how does the        application behave in the delivery environment—security,        performance, etc.);    -   DCP (decision checkpoint, e.g., proceed or not);    -   Initial negotiations with ISV (e.g, informing ISV of evaluation        and seeking commitment);    -   ISV capabilities assessment (probe further into capabilities,        and development and support maturity);    -   Initial ISV application assessment (further assessment with ISV        assistance);

DCP;

-   -   Detailed ISV application assessment (optional);

DCP;

-   -   Negotiate access to ISV application software for evaluation;    -   Hands-on ISV application assessment, document costs and risks;    -   Determine enablement activities;

DCP;

-   -   Negotiate terms & conditions with the ISV;    -   Work with ISV to pursue required application changes;    -   Design & implement required enablement elements using the        techniques described herein;    -   Hands-on assessment of modified application with enablement        elements;

DCP; and

-   -   Provide input to design and development.

The gathered knowledge is stored in a SE database 6404 in the form of apartial design of one or more SES. If hosting of an application is notfeasible at present, or cost or risk of hosting this application aredeemed to be too high, knowledge about this application is recorded inthe AHC knowledge base 6406 for potential future use.

Moreover, an offering development process 6408 uses SDT to transform thepartial SE designs into complete service elements.

This separation of the AHC, whose function is to discover the necessarypieces of information about applications to be hosted and produce ahosting capability, from “offering development”, whose function is toconvert the available information and hosting capabilities into a hostedoffering, permits creation of a pipeline of activities that wouldprocess multiple applications intended for hosting, thus making itpossible to convert the existing “artisan”-level process of hostedoffering development into a “factory”-like, mass-production process. Acondition for this mass-production is an automated development process,based on a conveyer-like tool, referred to herein as the ServiceDevelopment Tool.

In further detail, AHC performs a study of the application anddetermines the initial topology and operational characteristics of thehosted application environment. Combined with initial assumptions madeby offering management (such as, e.g., customer volumes, response timerequirements, etc.), this provides initial concept-level input todevelopment. At each iteration of the development cycle (concept, plan,development), the SDT is used by a different type of user (offeringmanager, development team), and a set of deliverables is produced bySDT, defining the appropriate level of offering. This information isgiven to the offering management, which can then use it to refine itsassumptions about the offering, provide refined assumptions todevelopment, which can subsequently produce the next iteration,eventually resulting in the final offering.

One example of the flow associated with a development process isdescribed with reference to FIGS. 65 a-65 b. Prioritized applicationcandidate list entry and maintenance 6500 is performed by offeringmanagement, using the application candidate user interface (UI) 6502;the prioritized list is stored in the prioritized application candidatesrepository 6504. AHC 6506 processes the prioritized applicationcandidate list and stores information learned in this process in the AHCknowledge base 6508, and produces zero or more partial service elements,which are stored in a SE database 6510. Architecture uses offeringtemplate UI 6512 to create and maintain offering templates 6514, whichare stored in the SE database 6516 (FIG. 65 b). (The SE database isdepicted twice for clarity.) Development 6518 uses hosting capabilitiesproduced by AHC and templates produced by architecture to develop SEs(including offerings).

Component data feed 6520 provides a mechanism for dynamic determinationof SE costs based on (multiple) component cost sources 6522. Offeringsand SEs produced by development are deployed 6524 into production anddelivered 6526 to customers. Lifecycle changes 6528 may be initiatedexternally 6530 (by offering management or development) or as a resultof deployment or delivery activities, using lifecycle UI 6532. At eachstep of the process, appropriate measurements are collected 6534 (FIG.65 a), 6536, 6538 (FIG. 65 b), 6540, and formatted into a variety ofreports 6542, 6544, 6546, 6548.

Described in detail above is a tool and capabilities for facilitatingmanagement of service elements and/or service offerings. Management of aservice element may include obtaining (e.g., receiving, creating,constructing, having, providing) the service element, and performing oneor more actions associated with the service element.

Although various steps are described herein as being performed bydifferent units within the SDT, it is not necessary for those particularunits to perform the logic. Other units may perform the logic or it canjust be considered that the SDT, without referring to particular units,performs the logic.

The present invention can be included in an article of manufacture(e.g., one or more computer program products) having, for instance,computer usable media. The media has embodied therein, for instance,computer readable program code means for providing and facilitating thecapabilities of the present invention. The article of manufacture can beincluded as a part of a computer system or sold separately.

Additionally, at least one program storage device readable by a machine,tangibly embodying at least one program of instructions executable bythe machine to perform the capabilities of the present invention can beprovided.

The flow diagrams depicted herein are just examples. There may be manyvariations to these diagrams or the steps (or operations) describedtherein without departing from the spirit of the invention. Forinstance, the steps may be performed in a differing order, or steps maybe added, deleted or modified. All of these variations are considered apart of the claimed invention.

Although preferred embodiments have been depicted and described indetail herein, it will be apparent to those skilled in the relevant artthat various modifications, additions, substitutions and the like can bemade without departing from the spirit of the invention and these aretherefore considered to be within the scope of the invention as definedin the following claims.

1. A method of facilitating management of service elements, said methodcomprising: selecting a service element to be defined, said serviceelement usable in providing services to at least one of an in-housecustomer and an outsourcing customer, said service element being anon-executable entity and providing at least part of a designspecification usable in constructing a service by a service provider,said service element comprising multiple properties, said multipleproperties comprising one or more composition items and a cost case,said cost case including an indication of quantity of the one or morecomposition items of the service element and cost to the serviceprovider of the one or more composition items and wherein said multipleproperties further comprise one or more functional dependencies for theservice element identifying at least one other service element requiredfor the service element to function; defining the service element usinga data structure which includes the multiple properties of the serviceelement, said data structure comprising a relational structured set ofinformation associated with the service element, said relationalstructured set of information comprising a cross-reference tablerepresenting relationship of the service element to one or more otherservice elements of a plurality of service elements being managed,wherein said cross-reference table includes reference to the at leastone other service element required for the service element to function;generating and saving a development plan for the service element in thedata structure representation of the service element; generating adeployment plan for the service element using the development plan,wherein the deployment plan directs customization or integration ofentities within the service element pursuant to the development plan;saving the deployment plan for the service element in the data structurerepresentation of the service element; and constructing the serviceelement to be developed by the service provider, the constructingincluding employing the relational structured set of information toidentify and employ the one or more other service elements required forthe service element to be developed.
 2. The method of claim 1, whereinsaid data structure comprises an integration properties sectioncomprising one or more integration properties of said service element.3. The method of claim 2, wherein said one or more integrationproperties comprises a compatible property comprising a list of serviceelements compatible with this service element, a standard propertycomprising a list of service elements that this service elementintegrates with by parametric integration, a manual property comprisinga list of service elements that the service element integrates with byprogrammable integration, and a prohibited property comprising a list ofservice elements with which the service element is mutually exclusive.4. The method of claim 1, wherein the service element further includesthe following properties: a version identifier identifying a version ofthe service element; a change history comprising a list of versions anda specification of changes made to the service element; a serviceelement under development flag that indicates whether the serviceelement is under development; a functional prerequisite list comprisinga list of other service elements required for this service element tofunction; a features list comprising a list of features that can beadded to the service element; an upgrade list comprising a list ofservice elements that may provide similar function in the case ofwithdrawal of the service element; an integration list comprising a listof service elements that are at least one of designed to and integratedwith this service element; pricing and rules associated with the serviceelement; development documentation including a functional specification,design, and test plan; the deployment plan including a specification ofdeployment of this service element, said deployment plan being createdin response to adding a composition item to the service element;delivery documentation including a specification of delivery proceduresassociated with this service element; and an augmentation permitted flagindicating whether augmentation of design template is permitted.
 5. Themethod of claim 4, wherein the development plan comprises a number ofphases including a design of the service element, development of theservice element, integration test of the service element and system testof the service element.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the deploymentplan comprises a plurality of phases including provisioning,installation, customization, integration and check-out, each phaseincluding one or more tasks, each having an identifier, work itemreference, dependencies and projected time, said deployment plan beingbuilt in response to adding a composition item to the service elementcomposition.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one compositionitem of the one or more composition items includes an amount of laborused to manage an entity of the service element.
 8. The method of claim1, wherein said data structure comprises a customization sectioncomprising one or more customization specifications of said serviceelement.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein said data structure comprisesa reference to one or more templates usable in creating the serviceelement.
 10. The method of claim 1 further comprising completingdevelopment of the constructed service element, wherein said completingdevelopment comprises initiating a change process to enable one or morechanges of the service element to be reflected in at least one otherservice element.
 11. The method of claim 1, further comprising modifyinga composition of the service element, wherein the modifying comprises atleast one of: adding a composition item to the composition of theservice element; deleting a composition item from the composition of theservice element; and updating a quantity of an item of the compositionof the service element.
 12. The method of claim 1, further comprisinglocalizing a design of the service element to adapt the service elementdesigned for one geographic locale to another geographic locale.
 13. Themethod of claim 12, wherein said localizing comprises using atranslation approach in the localizing.
 14. The method of claim 12,wherein said localizing comprises using a closest component matchapproach in the localizing.
 15. The method of claim 12, wherein saidlocalizing comprises using a translation approach and a closestcomponent match approach in the localizing.
 16. The method of claim 12,further comprising: determining whether the localized service elementsatisfies one or more business aspects associated with the serviceelement; and performing localization in multiple phases, in response tothe determining indicating dissatisfaction.
 17. The method of claim 16,wherein the multiple phases comprise a functional best fit phase, inwhich one or more components having the closest functionalcharacteristics to one or more components of the localized serviceelement are selected for possible replacement, and a financialadjustment phase, in which one or more of the selected components arereplaced by one or more less costly components.
 18. A method offacilitating management of service elements, said method comprising:obtaining a service element providing at least a part of a designspecification usable in constructing a service by a service provider,the service element being a non-executable entity comprising multipleproperties, the multiple properties including an amount of labor andmaterials to be used to construct or operate at least part of a serviceto be billed to a customer, said multiple properties comprising: one ormore composition items, at least one composition item of the one or morecomposition items quantifying labor and materials not billed to thecustomer separately; a cost case, said cost case specificallyenumerating the one or more composition items of the service element,including the at least one composition item quantifying labor andmaterials not billed to the customer separately, providing a quantityfor each of the one or more composition items, and providing the cost ofthe one or more composition items to the service provider; anidentification of one or more functional dependencies of the serviceelement identifying at least one other service element required for theservice element to function; and wherein the obtaining includes definingthe service element using a data structure which includes the multipleproperties of the service element, the data structure comprising arelational structured set of information associated with the serviceelement, said relational structured set of information comprising across-reference table representing relationship of the service elementto one or more other service elements of a plurality of service elementsbeing managed, wherein said cross-reference table includes reference tothe at least one other service element required for the service elementto function; generating and saving a development plan for the serviceelement in the data structure representation of the service element;generating a deployment plan for the service element using thedevelopment plan, wherein the deployment plan directs customization orintegration of entities within the service element pursuant to thedevelopment plan; saving the deployment plan for the service element inthe data structure representation of the service element; andconstructing the service element to be developed by the serviceprovider, the constructing including employing the relational structuredset of information to identify and employ the one or more other serviceelements required for the service element to be developed.
 19. Themethod of claim 18, wherein one or more service elements of said atleast one other service element are of a same type as said serviceelement.
 20. The method of claim 18, wherein one or more serviceelements of said at least one other service element are of a differenttype than said service element.